The Number One Question You Must Ask for Argumentative Essay Topics Blue Collar Vs White Collar

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Argumentative Essay Topics Blue Collar Vs White Collar In nearly all of the scenarios, you should search for items to compare that have some differences but similarities also. Some kinds of work are extremely slow to change, however. This is necessary when you're attempting to come across a proper topic to write about since there are so many to select from. Students are encouraged that when picking a topic, you think beyond the box as this will probably earn you better grades. The above mentioned compare and contrast essay topics are only a few of many topics you may decide to talk about in your essay. Reading example essays works exactly the same way! You can begin with the sort of topic you select for your compare and contrast essay. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's critical to at all times be critically considering the world around us. Facts, in the long run, will always win out again st how folks are feeling at a specific moment. Some people today live their lives based on their religion even though others don't think you should factor that into decision making in regards to determining rules for everybody. Just because you're given total freedom what you're going to write, does not signify that you ought to write casually without giving any proof. There are lots of things to argue when it regards the law. Pryor is the singular force at the middle of each one of the movie's social and mental rifts. White collar crime remains very hard to detect. The gap in pay is a consequence of the difference in the sum of schooling and skill building efforts required for both of these categories of jobs. These cause inestimable damage to the wellness of the populace, causing heavy financial strain for medical therapy, and also resulting in early death of many tens of thousands of individuals. Ralf Dahrendorf argues that the vast majority class did not require the unemployed to keep and even increase its standard of living, and thus the status of the underclass became hopeless. As an example, computer crime and charge card frauds that were unheard of twenty decades ago, are shaking the roots of the nation's financial system. On the other hand, the state itself (represented by the authorities) can also function as the important object of this kind of crime. The phrase blue-collar criminal isn't employed as frequently as white-collar criminal. This term was initially utilized in 1924. Many varieties of white-collar crimes exist, and t hey're increasing in number, in contrast to other sorts of crimes that are declining in incidence. Essays could be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples ahead of publication. The ethics aren't considered in that argument. Although you may know what format, style guide, and whether the essay needs to be double spaced, you might be confused on what actually produces a superior essay topic. If necessary, you could always turn to professionals to supply you with a nudge or assist you with your topics or sources. There are many sources from where you're able to gather information on your subjects but be certain that you always go with facts. The historical foundation for both terms might not have changed radically from their origins. Since you may see, the topics are broken up into multiple categories so it would be simpler that you select one. A History of Argumentative Essay Topics Blue Collar Vs White C ollar Refuted Moreover, the majority of states use their agencies to resist white-collar crime. If we're talking about the priorities, it's essential to say that the law enforcements agencies are expected to focus their distinct attention on the violent crimes then, for example, the property ones. Thus, among the key elements of the range of a city street is thought to be the predominant anonymity of communication and human behavior. Students who excel in writing about such complex topic could have an opportunity to be enrolled into a number of the ideal Art universities to come up with their abilities and talent. In case the reference to a blue collar job doesn't point to these kinds of work, it may imply another physically exhausting undertaking. White collar jobs need high educational qualification, mental sharpness, excellent wisdom and expertise in a specific place. The workers should put on a blue uniform during working hours. The blue collar worker may not make a sala ry whatsoever, he may be working for hourly wages, or he can get paid for every single merchandise produced or assembled.

Piaget And Vygotsky On Children s Intellectual Growth

Throughout the history of education, there have been many intelligent theorists who have contributed endless amounts of research to explain how children develop. Piaget and Vygotsky were two of the most important theorists whose focus was on how children develop cognitively. Piaget’s research supported the idea that children’s intellectual growth is based partly on physical development as well as the particular interactions that a child has with their environment. He also strongly believed that a child will only learn when their curiosity gets the best of them, because then the child experiments on their own (Mooney, 2000). Vygotsky, on the other hand, believed that a child’s cognitive development was influenced by the values and beliefs of the adults and other children in their lives. He presumed that children learn best from one another, especially when one child is attempting a difficult task and cannot seem to conquer it, but then another child whom has conqu ered this same task offers aid to the struggling student. Learning occurs when the struggling student accomplishes the task at hand with the gentle guidance of another person. Piaget and Vygotsky, both, possessed research that supported the idea that children learn best when they are at play, yet they both had different ideas about how that learning takes place (Mooney, 2000). Both of these incredible theorists’ ideas coincide quite nicely with the idea of a constructivist view of learning, which can be simplyShow MoreRelatedPiaget And Vygotsky Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay826 Words   |  4 Pages This essay seeks to identify and describe the concept of cognitive development and, highlight both Piaget and Vygotsky’s theory as it relates to cognitive development, and the significant differences between them. The term cognitive development refers to the process of growth and change in intellectual, mental abilities such as thinking, reasoning and understanding. It comprises of the acquisition and consolidation of knowledge. Infants draw on social-emotional, language, motor, and perceptualRead MoreJean Piaget And Vygotsky s Theory On Children s Cognitive Development1507 Words   |  7 Pagespsychologists, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, have shared their knowledge on children’s cognitive development. Both psychologists had their own vision of what stimulates and helps a child grow. Jean Piaget s theory was shaped through the thinking and understanding of how knowledge is built through a series of four stages; preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational and concrete operational. He believed that the development was with the child themselves. On the contrary, Lev Vygotsky s theory is shapedRead MorePiaget vs. Vygotsky1120 Words   |  5 Pagescognitive theories and the most f amous is Jean Piaget. Cognitive development covers the physical and emotional stages of a child. The basic premise for cognitive development is to show the different stages of the development of a child so you can understand where the child might be in their development. Understanding cognitive development will better prepare the teacher when it comes to dealing with children and how to handle situations. The way children learn and mentally grow plays a central roleRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky Theories Of Learning1257 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of learning In this essay, I will compare and contrast jean Piaget and lev Vygotsky theories of learning. First, I will discuss Piaget followed by Vygotsky then I will compare and contrast both theorists. Jean Piaget was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher, he is known for his contribution to a theory of cognitive development. Piaget became interested in the reasons why children gave the wrong answers to questions that required logical thinking. He believed that these incorrectRead MoreJean Piaget And Vygotsky And Language Development In Children1748 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two influential thinkers who have impacted the speech and language pathology field with their key theories. Piaget believed that there are four main stages in a child’s development that lead to a child learning language. Without these stages, Piaget argues that a child cannot cognitively grow at an appropriate pace (Kaderavek, 2105, p. 18 and p. 23). However, Vygotsky argues the Social Interactionist Theory, which states children develop language through social interactingRead MoreA Comparative Analysis Of Theories Of Vygotsky And Piaget1446 Words   |  6 Page sChild development refers to change or growth that occurs in children. It starts with infancy and continues through adolescence and it involves the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur. Cognitive development refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains understanding of his or her world through the interaction of genetic and learned factors(Children’s Health n.d.). This paper is a comparative analysis of the theories of Vygotsky and Piaget with emphasis on how the role of culturalRead MoreChildren At A Psychological Perspective Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesNow, to fully understand cognitive development in children at a psychological perspective we must first look at Jean Piaget, who was titled the most influential contributor to the term throughout the 20th century. According to Huitt, W., Hummel, J. (2003), Piaget â€Å"originally trained in the areas of biology and philosophy and considered himself a genetic epistemologist. He was mainly interested in the biological influences on how we come to know. He believed that what distinguishes human beingsRead MoreWhat is Cognitive Development Theory?1823 Words   |  8 Pagessociety will always limit the growth of a persons cognitive development. Over the years cognitive development has been linked to many controversies, the largest of these is the debate of nature vs. nurture. The question debated was whether or not a persons cognitive development is influenced more by their genetics (nature) or through real life experiences (nurture), this debate lasted through most of the 20th century. Fortunately, this argument stalled out in the mid 2000s, in a 2007 article SaulRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology2134 Words   |  9 Pagesadaptive and imaginative characteristics of the ego and building on the idea of the phases of personality development to embrace the whole lifespan. Erikson planned a lifespan model of growth and took in 5 phases up to the age of 18 years and then 3 more stages after. Erikson proposes that there’s still more room in growth and development in a child’s life. Erikson put a big pact of importance on the young period and felt it was a vital phase for evolving a childs individuality. Like Freud, Erik EriksonRead MoreEssay on Examining Educational Theorists and Current Practice Today1839 Words   |  8 PagesExamining Educational Theorists and Current Practice Today Abstract This paper names three educational theorists, Benjamin Bloom, Jean Piaget, and Lev Vygotsky, and seeks to examine their most well-known theories. These are namely, Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development, and Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development. Each theory is briefly explained and then compared and contrasted with the other theories. Lastly, the author reflects on the practical

Tennis Sport (Psychology of Game) Essay Sample free essay sample

Traditionally. athleticss include emotion. competition. cooperation. and many other different facets. which provide a rich country for psychological surveies. Tennis has been ever considered to be more than simply a game of jocks. It is obvious even for the regular audience. watching tennis public presentation that tennis participants subject themselves to intense emotional emphasis. In the modern-day context of athleticss scientific discipline development. where all professional jocks have equal fiscal and societal chances to get the hang their tennis accomplishments. the psychological facet remains to be the lone country where one can obtain indispensable competitory advantage. Therefore. from personal point of view. psychological side of tennis represents important involvement. For any person who has of all time played tennis in competitory mode. the necessity to keep positive mental wellness seems to be indispensable. Assorted surveies on smugglers. golf participants. grapplers. and tennis participants indicate that jocks have lower degrees of depression. We will write a custom essay sample on Tennis Sport (Psychology of Game) Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ill will and tenseness. The Sport Competition Anxiety Test ( SCAT ) measured degrees of anxiousness and emphasis among professional jocks. and cheat. tennis. and golf participants were found to hold the highest degrees. Other surveies indicated that tennis-players have the most developed abilities to command rousing and concentrate their attending on the game ( Bird. 216 ) . Surveies of societal influence in tennis. which were predominant in the sixtiess and 1970s. focused on such issues as the influence of witnesss. and rivals. Sports psychologists have besides studied specific types of behaviour in tennis. For case. Rene Botta has investigated the beginning and consequence of aggression in athleticss by proving the construct of athletics as a psychotherapeutic release of aggression. During the research it was found that aggressive athleticss tend to increase instead than diminish ill will and aggression. Therefore. Botta reported that tennis participants are inclined to hold a low aggression and ill will indices ( Cratty. 76-77 ) . However. harmonizing to Botta tennis along with golf and pugilism was notably marked as the most affected by the influence of audience and rivals. In 1996 Rene Botta conducted an extended survey of tennis participants behavior. However. different from other surveies focused on professional tennis participants. Botta’s chief consideration was to analyze the behaviour and psychological impact of tennis among amateurs. During developing Sessionss no important consequences or observations were noticed. nevertheless during contest Sessionss. behaviour of sample ( both work forces and adult females ) notably changed. Botta reported about addition of diffidence. choler. and emphasis. Simultaneously. relationships between participants well deteriorated. During peak points of game. participants heartbeat rate varied from 150-180 b/min. traveling beyond lactate threshold. Botta interpreted such observations as a consequence of utmost tenseness. However. after competition questionnaire replies of participants contained that the chief determiners of their behaviour during competition were fright of failure and force per unit area im posed by witnesss and research forces ( Botta. 118 ) . Many research workers were analyzing the behaviour of professional tennis participants in order to hold an penetration into human behaviour in assorted state of affairss. That is why the subject constitutes an utmost importance. The bulk of tennis participants allege that the chief psychological obstruction for them is fright of failure. The same frights trail some people throughout their lives keeping them from possible accomplishments. Celebrated tennis participant Erik Noah. in the interview to Tennis Digest admitted that. â€Å"The route to failure is paved with negativeness. If you think you can’t make something. opportunities are you won’t be able to† ( Tennis Digest. 31 ) . Harmonizing to Noah and many pros tennis is more likely to be called mental game. particularly sing its professional facets. The alone consequences in athleticss psychological science. particularly those related to tennis. have already contributed to other. more conventional countries o f psychological science and are recognized as holding important applications to the mental wellness of the general population. Bibliography Bird. A. M.Psychology and Sport Behavior. St. Louis: Times Mirror/Mosby College Pub. 1986 Cratty. Bryant J. Psychologyin Contemporary Sport: Guidelines for Coaches and Athletes. Englewood Cliffs. New jersey: Prentice-Hall. 1993 Botta. R. A. ( Ed. ) .The mad to excellence: The acquisition of adept public presentation in the humanistic disciplines and scientific disciplines. athleticss. and games. Mahwah. New jersey: Erlbaum. 1996 Miller D. â€Å"Flying Frenchman† .Tennis Digest. i19 ( 3v ) . November 2001

The Arts Educating and Enriching Our Lives Essay Example For Students

The Arts: Educating and Enriching Our Lives Essay The Arts, which involve visual arts, music, dance, and drama, have been in existence for as long as humans walked the earth. The Arts will always remain a huge part of cultural society, for, no matter how technologically advanced the world becomes, nothing can replace the experience outvoting or interacting with the arts. In todays world, the words teaching, and learning, may spark one to simply deduce textbook education. My definition of textbook education is what students attain in the books The black and white knowledge. The true and false answers. The things students understand to be correct and incorrect answers. But what should occur when a child comes across a situation when judgment is needed? A legitimate scenario holding ambiguity the books could not prepare students for. That is where, I conceive, Visual arts, music, dance, and drama comes into play (no pun intended). The arts are not so much a result of stimulation and natural talent, as they are a persons ability for creative thinking and imagining, judgment, problem solving, and a host of other mental processes. El that the arts represent forms Of understanding every bit as effective as the logical/mathematical and verbal forms of understanding, which have been the traditional focus of education. Believe being involved in the arts is the sole way people can fully express themselves, and define their cultural beliefs. They can accommodate people, young and old, in acquiring multi- cultural comprehension. We will write a custom essay on The Arts: Educating and Enriching Our Lives specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The arts encourage cross-cultural communication, and teach us empathy, humanity, passion, ND openness towards antithetical cultures, and understanding of the acts of societies around us will help us to be more tolerant, educated and understanding thus thriving as planet. The arts are a large subdivision of culture, composed of various creative disciplines These disciplines not only define the ingeniousness of the people involved in them, but also the psychological and cultural aspects that go along with them, and this is why I conclude the arts to be so very important to education, and the enrichment of lives.

Adolphus Busch essays

Adolphus Busch essays The King of Brewers, oddly enough, was not really a brewer at all: he was a super-salesman, and perhaps the greatest ever heard of in America. Granted that he knew good beer and ever sought after it, the fact remains that he did not know how to make it at all. In the same course of time he found men who did, but that was a mere detail. He sold the bad almost as efficiently as he sold the good. He could have sold anything. At one point in the early career of Anheuser-Busch its product was so inferior that St. Louis rowdies were known to project mouthfuls of it back over the bar. But Adolphus kept on selling it, and it became better, and eventually the best in America. Adolphus Busch was born on July 10, 1839 to Ulrich and Barbara Pfeiffer Busch. Growing up in Kastel, near Mainz, Germany, Adolphus was the twenty- first of twenty-two children. At the age of eighteen, he moved to the United States, to join his three brothers in St. Louis, Missouri. He first started working on the riverfront as a clerk in a wholesale supply house, but was soon interrupted by the outbreak of the Civil War. There was nothing to interest him in the war, so he withdrew honorably after a brief service to enter the brewers supply business. In 1859, Adophus joined in a partnership with Ernst Wattenberg to form Wattenberg, Busch, and Company, a wholesale commission house. This particular wholesale house became the most prosperous in St. Louis at the time. Among his customers was Eberhard Anheuser. In 1859, Eberhard, a successful St. Louis businessman, first financed a loan to a struggling neighborhood brewery called The Bavarian. After purchasing the brewery, he renamed it as E. Anheuser and Company. Eberhard, being a brewer and not a salesman, found it hard to dispose of the beer that his small equipment produced. Before long he found himself owing Adolphus a seemingly large sum of money. The bill kept growing larger, and...

You Can Get Into These Highest Acceptance Rate Colleges

You Can Get Into These Highest Acceptance Rate Colleges SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Colleges with high acceptance rates can be good options for you when you’re selecting schools you want to apply to or attend. If you have low grades, standardized test scores, or you need to add safety schools to your list of colleges, these schools can give you more confidence that you’ll be able to gain admission to a 4-year college. In this article, I’ll give you the list of colleges with the highest acceptance rates, explain why they have such high acceptance rates, and offer pros and cons of attending these schools. Why Do These Colleges Have Such High Acceptance Rates? While the most selective colleges are focused on admitting the best and brightest students, colleges with high acceptance rates tend to be more concerned with providing access to higher education to those who meet minimum requirements. Many students face obstacles that prevent them from excelling in high school, and some students just lack motivation while they're in high school. Colleges with high acceptance rates are more willing to give these students the opportunity to pursue a 4-year college degree. Also, some of the smaller colleges on the list have a particular focus. Most of the students who are applying are qualified students who are interested in attending that specific type of college. For example, BYU-Idaho is a Mormon school and Evergreen State is a progressive liberal arts state institution. List of Colleges With the Highest Acceptance Rates Most of these colleges are state institutions, but there are private religious colleges on the list like Jarvis Christian College and Wayland Baptist University, and there are private non-sectarian colleges like Wilmington University. I didn’t include 2-year colleges or for-profit colleges; however, both often have 100% admission rates. Keep in mind that community colleges (2-year colleges) can be a good option to get a low-cost education and have the possibility of transferring to a 4-year college. In fact, many 4-year state colleges will offer guaranteed admission from a community college if you fulfill certain requirements. Note that some of these colleges are designated "open admission," which means they will offer admission to all applicants who meet their entrance requirements (usually minimal). This is different from colleges that accepted 100% of applicants last year but do not necessarily always do so. These colleges are at least nominally selective in nature. You may want to consider attending a community college. School City State Acceptance Rate Boston Architectural College Boston MA open admission Wilmington College Wilmington OH open admission Wilmington University New Castle DE open admission Cameron University Lawton OK open admission Western International University Tempe AZ open admission University of the Potomac Washington DC open admission Daytona State College Daytona Beach FL open admission Indian River State College Fort Pierce FL open admission University of Pikeville Pikeville KY open admission University of Maryland-University College Adelphi MD open admission Missouri Western State University St. Joseph MO open admission Bismarck State College Bismarck ND open admission Wayne State College Wayne NE open admission Granite State College Concord NH open admission New Mexico Highlands University Las Vegas NM open admission Oklahoma State University-Oklahoma City Oklahoma City OK open admission Jarvis Christian College Hawkins TX open admission Dixie College of Utah Saint George UT open admission Utah Valley University Orem UT open admission Weber State University Ogden UT open admission City University of Seattle Seattle WA open admission University of Maine-Augusta Augusta ME open admission University of Akron Akron OH open admission Wright State University Dayton OH open admission Wiley College Marshall TX open admission Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College St. Mary-of-the-Woods IN 100% Metropolitan State University St. Paul MN 100% Montana State University-Billings Billings MT 100% Montana State University - Northern Havre MT 100% University of Texas-El Paso El Paso TX 100% Ottawa University Ottawa KS 99.5% Nyack College Nyack NY 99.4% Edinboro University of Pennsylvania Edinboro PA 99.3% Harding University Searcy AR 99.1% Lewis-Clark State College Lewiston ID 99% Lyndon State College Lyndonville VT 99% Wayland Baptist University Plainview TX 99% Evergreen State College Olympia WA 98% Grand View University Des Moines IA 98% Utah State University Logan UT 97.8% Benedictine College Atchison KS 97.7% Western State Colorado University Gunnison CO 97.4% University of Sioux Falls Sioux Falls SD 97.2% Maine College of Art Portland ME 97% Washburn University Topeka KS 97% Covenant College Lookout Mountain GA 96.5% Brigham Young University-Idaho Rexburg ID 96% Missouri Southern State University Joplin MO 96% New England College Henniker NH 96% Johnson State College Johnson VT 95.5% Mary Baldwin College Staunton VA 95.5% Fontbonne University Clayton MO 95% Palm Beach Atlantic University West Palm Beach FL 95% Loras College Dubuque IA 95% University of Wyoming Laramie WY 95% Kansas State University Manhattan KS 94.5% University of Central Arkansas Conway AR 94.4% Bethel University St. Paul MN 94.4% Tennessee Technological University Cookeville TN 94.4% Colorado Christian University Lakewood CO 94.3% Lubbock Christian University Lubbock TX 94.3% Governers State University University Park IL 94% Neumann University Aston PA 94% Western Kentucky University Bowling Green KY 94% La Roche College Pittsburgh PA 93.9% CUNY-College of Staten Island Staten Island NY 93.8% Houghton College Houghton NY 93.8% Linfield College McMinnville OR 93.7% Southern Vermont College Bennington VT 93.7% Westminster College New Wilmington PA 93.5% Mississippi University for Women Columbus MS 93.5% Sweet Briar College Sweet Briar VA 93% Bemidji State University Bemidji MN 93% Freed-Hardeman University Henderson TN 93% University of the Incarnate Word San Antonio TX 93% University of Kansas Lawrence KS 93% Colorado State University-Pueblo Pueblo CO 92.7% University of Montana Missoula MT 92.7% Clarion University of Pennsylvania Clarion PA 92.7% College of Coastal Georgia Brunswick GA 92% Keystone College Factoryville PA 92% South Dakota State University Brookings SD 92% Shepherd University Shepherdstown WV 92% CUNY-Medgar Evers College Brooklyn NY 91.9% Bennet College Greensboro NC 91.8% North Central University Minneapolis MN 91% University of Houston-Downtown Houston TX 91% Carlow University Pittsburgh PA 90% Mansfield University of Pennsylvania Mansfield PA 90% Bard College at Simon's Rock Great Barrington MA 89% CUNY College of Staten Island (CUNY Academic Commons/Flickr) How Should You Use This List? If you’re considering colleges with high acceptance rates, you should research the colleges that interest you on this list to determine if they’re schools you should apply to or attend. There are many factors to help determine if a college is a good fit for you including location, support services, and the majors offered. Look at the school’s website, and use guidebooks, college finders, search websites, and otherranking lists to help you in the college selection process. If possible, consult with teachers, counselors, parents, current students, and alumni. Possible Concerns With Attending These Schools The schools with the highest acceptance rates are not all the same, but I'm going to generalize potential issues with going to a less selective college. You should research specific colleges you're interested in to determine the extent to whichthese concerns apply to a school you're considering. Often, schools are judged based on their acceptance rates. Schools with higher acceptance rates tend to have worse reputations than more selective colleges. While you can accomplish your academic and professional goals by studying at any college, it can be more difficult to get certain jobs or admitted to more selective graduate school programs from a less prestigious university. Also, some of these colleges can have students who are less academically inclined or motivated. In college, you learn from and are often inspired by your peers. More selective schools tend to have a greater percentage of driven students with advanced academic skills. Possible Benefits of Attending These Schools Although there areconsiderable potential drawbacks toattending a less selective college, there are also some possible benefits. #1: Being a Big Fish in a Small Pond In his book David and Goliath, author Malcolm Gladwell wrote of the benefits of attending less prestigious universities. If you're competing against fewer gifted students, you may be more likely to excel, especially in the most demanding subjects. Many students who wish to attend medical school or pursue a STEM degree opt to go to a less selective college in the hopes that it will be easier to maintain a high GPA and achieve their academic goals. #2: Cost Most of theschools with the highest acceptance rates, especially the state schools, are much cheaper than selective private colleges. If you don’t get generous financial aid at a selective school, you may graduate with tremendous debt or place a financial burden on your family.For example, tuition for the 2018-2019 academic year at Tennessee Tech for an in-state student is just$8,732. Tuition for Vanderbilt, a selective private college in Nashville, Tennessee, is $48,600.Keep in mind, though, that many of the more selective private colleges do a good job of meeting your financial need. Even many of the private colleges with high acceptance rates are much more affordable than selective private colleges. The tuition and fees for Jarvis Christian College in Hawkins, Texas are $11,720. That's significantly cheaper than the $46,600tuition for Rice University, a selective private school in Houston, Texas. Also, less selective schools are more likely to award merit scholarships for outstanding students. At the most selective schools, merit scholarships are less common since almost all of the students have stellar academic credentials. If you don't qualify for or receive enough need-based financial aid, you may be able to get a merit scholarship from a college with a high acceptance rate. You mightsave money if you attend a school with a high acceptance rate. (401(K) 2012/Flickr) What's Next? What's a good GPA? A bad GPA?Here's a complete guide. Retaking the SAT?Check out ourultimate SAT study guide to help you with your prep. Taking the SAT very soon? Check out ourguide to cramming for the test. Not sure where you'd like to go to college?We'll help you find the right college for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Museums and Utopian thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Museums and Utopian thought - Essay Example When considering art objects it’s clear that they have a distinct source of power over people. Kirshenblatt-Gimblet (2000) articulates a notion of art objects as taking on powerful symbolic elements when viewed as message of representatives of social relations among people. In terms of art objects, one of the primary power sources is clearly the nature of their inclusion within the museum. The inclusion of the art into the museum or gallery format imbues the object with an institutional or social sense of recognition. Notably, Kirshenblatt-Gimblet (2000, p. 7) states, â€Å"the museum tends to be conserving and conservative institution, subject to the catalyzing effects of avant- garde artists that engage and attempt to destabilize its very premises on the premises†¦to appeal to a wider public.† This is a contrasting understanding of the meaning or ‘power’ of the art object, as gaining its significance from its resistance of cooptation of the museum or gallery, with the museum acting as a catalyst to this resistance. Still, it is ultimately the institution of the museum that motivates or ‘catalyzes’ this meaning, ultimately giving the object its power. Kirshenblatt-Gimblett (2004) proposes a vision of the museum as a history of utopian thought. In many regards, it’s clear that the museum does act as a sort exemplification of utopian ideals. This notion follows two modes of thought, as both the structural nature of the museum itself is recognized as encouraging this utopian identification, as well as the idealistic intentions of the artwork within the museum. In terms of physical elements of the museum consider Kirshenblatt-Gimblett (2004, p. 1) who states, The museum is at once an architectural form, a concrete environment for reflection, a reservoir of tangibilities, a school for the senses, a space of

Teaching Staffs In American Elementary Schools Assignment

Teaching Staffs In American Elementary Schools - Assignment Example According to Schultz & Schultz (2010) and Leithwood, Alma & Hopkins (2008), there have been dismal performances in many schools because of lack of motivation of teachers. Although it is a common knowledge that elementary school marks the foundation of education, it has not been given the attention it rightfully deserves. Similar sentiments are emphasized by Pierce, et al. (2003) who acknowledges that elementary school teachers feel demoralized. This may be a right observation because it is what the research will be focusing on. More studies will be conducted to find out if indeed a demoralized teacher does not deliver as expected. It is in line with the research problem that needs to be resolved by the studies.How to Motivate Elementary School TeachersAs Moos (2008) exclaims, a motivated teacher is more productive than the one who is not. Meaning, performance is directly proportional to the level of motivation one attains. Since education is a very wide sector, Dunham (2001) says tha t the teachers should be motivated through the use of monetary and non-monetary rewards. In his opinion, these include salary increment, promotions, proper job design, participation and recognition of hard working teachers who display a high level of professionalism and commitments in their duties. However, Gomez-Mejia, Luis; David, Balkin and Robert L. Cardy (2008) hold a contrary view because he urges in favor of the provision of a conducive working environment as the best way of boosting teachers’ morale.

Business Analysis Project Essay Example for Free

Business Analysis Project Essay Notwithstanding the bleak global economic climate with the Eurozone crisis, the Singapore operators are constantly introducing value-added services. The introduction of premium next-generation mobile services, namely LTE-based, should give ARPU a boost even though the take-up rate might be weak. [pic] Source: BMI Figure 1. 6 shows that the operating revenue has decreased for consecutive years since 2008. This could be attributed largely due to the global economic crisis. Summary of Singapore Telecommunication Industry Singapore government’s strong commitment to deregulation of the industry has assisted the growth of the telecommunication | |sector and built a competitive telecoms market, aided by its geographical location and excellent infrastructure. Singapore | |is one of the first countries in the world to have a fully digital telephone network and continues to maintain a strong | |positive outlook in this sector. In 1997, MobileOne Ltd forayed into Singapore’s telecommunications industry and demolished the previous monopoly held by Singapore Telecommunications Ltd. It was subsequently listed on the Singapore Exchange on 4 December 2002. Since its establishment, M1 has gained repute as an integrated communications service provider in Singapore. Rightly emphasizing on the importance of customers, M1 carries on business with the mission of being â€Å"an efficient and totally customer-focused company, achieving the highest satisfaction for our [their] customers, people and shareholders†. M1 has 2 wholly owned subsidiaries, M1 Net Ltd. and M1 Connect Pte. Ltd. M1 and its subsidiaries carry out its main operations in Singapore. In light of the interdependence of devices, networks, application services and content, M1 recognizes that it needs to diversify from being a pure mobile operator and hence transformed itself in 2007 to a dynamic full-service operator . Operating as a full-service operator ever since, M1 offers a full suite of broadband products, services and managed solutions. With its high-speed fiber network solutions, businesses benefit from faster speeds to improve productivity and reduce costs. This could have invariably contributed to the price reduction of handsets and increase in promotional activities to attract customers. Investors prefer a firm with a higher GPM, which indicates stronger efficiency. Noteworthy is M1’s NPM being consistently higher than StarHub. SingTel maintained its position at 23%. The ability to sustain the highest profit margin and also maintain a consistent revenue growth clearly places SingTel as the market leader in the telecommunications industry. However, it maintaind its stead state despite the Euro crisis. Therefore it is expected that M1 would increase its debt-to-equity ratio, with the economic recovery. Risk declines as the ratio increases as the company’s ability to cover its interest increases. On the other hand, Singtel is the lowest with 8. 8, and it is unclear if it can still afford to leverage upwards without affecting its credit rating. EPS is net profit per share. It reflects the company’s ability to add value to shares and is the most important metric in determining profitability. It is also a major component of another important metric, price per earnings ratio (P/E). The higher the ratio, the more money the company is making.

If We Are What We Eat, What Does This Count As? Essay -- Food Health S

References can possibly be made between the modern world of high school and the brutal wilderness of Africa. Walk into any high school, and even a college or two, cafeteria and the similarities are blatantly obvious. Here is where the watering hole can be seen: the very place where members of the tribe or pack congregate everyday to talk, eat, and determine the food chain. There are the lions, the seniors of the school, lounging lazily in the sun and reveling in their greatest accomplishment yet: gaining acceptance into college. Next the elephants make themselves known, juniors loud and looking to prove their worth to the rest of the jungle, showing they are capable of operating the complex system known as high school once the seniors are gone. Sophomores present themselves in the form of the chimpanzees, hanging out in the trees, watching another year and all the commotion around them floating leisurely by. Finally, we see the gazelles, frightened freshmen quivering in anticipat ion and excitement of the next four years of their lives, looking for a safe place to graze the savannas. While these four components of the jungle happen smoothly and seem to take little effort, little thought is given to the primary purpose of the animal’s gathering: the food itself. Food, as a vital and necessary part of any being’s existence, is served to the masses within cafeterias across the nation. For many of these schools and some colleges, the food served is neither of the highest quality, nor the most satisfying available. Across the country, millions of schools every year are serving below average meals which do not meet health standards necessary for growing students, meals which are also dissatisfying to the student in both taste and qua... ... distribution of frozen entrees. Better lunches begin with fresh produce, whole grains, and fruits. By way of these five recommended solutions, surely there can be one valid enough to make precedence for the future and allow a better, healthier America. Works Cited http://www.healthyschoollunches.org/reports/report2008_intro.cfm http://www.diseaseproof.com/archives/cat-school-food.html http://news.health.com/2009/03/04/school-lunches-fatty-sugary-critics-say/ http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/pyramid-full-story/index.html http://www.rwjf.org/childhoodobesity/product.jsp?id=32491 http://www.cnn.com/2003/EDUCATION/07/01/health.lunch.reut/index.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36023553/ns/health-diet_and_nutrition http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6430258/ http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_1952.cfm

Knowledge gap

The knowledge gap hypothesis presumes that you will know more about these topics than people whose educational level is lower than yours, even if the topics don't directly concern your everyday life. -Stated by Telephone, Donahue and Alien in their 1970 article they said the population Is divided Into two distinct segments: a group of better educated people who know more about most things and those with low education who know less. Low Socio-economic status (SEES) – are slightly defined by education level but also have little or no knowledge about Public affairs issues, are disconnected from news events and Important new discoveries, and usually aren't concerned about their lack of knowledge. High Socio-Economic Status – Are the opposite of Low SEES – Public Affairs issues: -According to the knowledge gap theory most people gain knowledge as a topic becomes more heavily covered by the mass media, but the higher educated segment of the population will gain more kn owledge.Knowledge gap says nothing about the individuals innate intelligent, the theory is just saying that high-educated people have several advantages. Such as: 1. A greater level of stored knowledge on a variety of topics. 2. Better attention, comprehension, retention, and greater communication skills. 3. More reliance on the information-oriented print media rather than the entertainment-oriented non-profit media 4. Greater numbers of relevant social contacts or friends who are likely to be knowledgeable about and discuss pubic affairs topics. Low SEES can be called Medal Poor -High SEES can be called Media Rich Programmatic Research- is research that builds on itself, where one study outcomes raise questions and other researchers take up the challenge to answer. Points that might reduce the knowledge gap 1 . The type of issue, especially an issue that really gets people's attention 2. The size and type of community – small, rural, homogeneous areas have lower gaps; clues with pluralistic subcultures have higher gaps. 3. Owe much and what type of media coverage a topic gets – cigarettes link to cancer is constantly in the news (lower gaps); Sexual harassment incidents get intense but inconsistent coverage (Higher gaps) 4. An Issues level of conflict such as police brutality (lower gap) vs.. Covers about urban revitalization (higher gaps) – 3 early concepts explored 1 . Socio-economic deficits 2. Differences -sass's – Interest in topics became the primary research. – Print Media is more informative than TV.High SEES group still watches newscast -sass's – focused on health, environment, and new technology. – Communication campaigns became designed to educated or persuade and television interest increased. Politics became a focus -Higher SEES use Schemata. Chapter 27 – principle of relative constancy -Charles Scripps – 1959 released economic report of media. -Macomb's used the observations from Scr ipps to offer a theory called the Principle of Relative Constancy. Some of his predictions were: 1 . The proportion of money, viewed as a part of the gross national product(GNP), spent on the mass media remains fairly constant over time. The Constancy aspect. 2. Because the economy varies from boom to depression, the GNP also will vary. The relative part of the theory. 3. Because the expenditures on mass media are relatively constant, new media must fight it out with existing media. This is the functional equivalence part.Chapter 28 – Cultivation -The media-culture connection got its first great push from the Payne Fund studies in the asses and asses, an investigation of the impact of movies on young people. Payne Fund Findings: -George Greener – Violence index -Grinner's definition of violence – â€Å"the overt expression of physical force (with or thou a weapon, against self or others) compelling action against ones will on pain of being hurt and or killed or threatened to be so victimized as part of the plot. Cultivate -Two types of Cultivation -Mainstreaming – a relative commonalty of outlooks that television tends to cultivate – Resonance -suggest the power of television to influence popular imagery increases when seen on the screen â€Å"resonates† with the viewer – seems consistent with experience – it is more likely incorporated into the person's notion of â€Å"reality'.

English Essay Essay

The writer, Moniza Alvi, has picked the perfect setting in the poem ‘An Unknown Girl’ for the narrator to explore her thoughts and feelings about her Indian birth culture- an Indian bazaar. Probably like Moniza who has dealt with getting to know her Pakistani birth culture after being raised in the UK, the Indian narrator has grown up away from her birth culture. Thrown in the middle of the Indian bazaar where everything is unfamiliar and strange to her much like her cultural identity. The writer has the narrator confront her culture head on forcing her through the process of emersion to come to terms with her culture and eventually embrace it as being an essential part of her identity. By finding connections between her western culture in which she was probably raised and this foreign eastern culture, the narrator develops strong feelings of longing to get to know her birth culture more. From the start of the poem, it is clear that the writer is effectively communicating the narrator’s feelings of disconnection with her eastern heritage. The repetition of the word ‘unknown’ effectively summarises her contact with her culture; it is something foreign to her. Her first thought of disconnection is the main feeling in her mind. The fact that through-out the poem she keeps repeating ‘evening’, which is usually a time when people are asleep and dreaming of important things in their lives, further highlights that her culture has been hibernating within her waiting for someone to wake it up. Presently her culture only exists in her dreams; it is not a reality in her daily life. The title ‘unknown girl’ suggests that her own identity is a stranger to her; she does not fully know herself as she has cut off an essential part of anyone’s identity; her birth culture. At the same time, the repetition of ‘unknown girl’ through-out the poem creates a chorus-like effect that effectively draws the reader’s attention to the fact that it is the ‘unknown girl’ who is hennaing her hand that will wake up the eastern culture within the narrator. The unknown girl represents what her culture is to her: foreign. Unlike the narrator, this ‘unknown girl’ has embraced her culture which is shown by the fact that she is ‘hennaing [her] hand’ which is a traditional eastern art and is wearing traditional ‘satin’ clothes. As the narrator gazes at this girl during the  long process of hennaing her hand, she probably has begun to wonder why she has not embraced the eastern heritage like this girl has. She is perhaps feeling a little timid about getting to know her culture though this unknown girl as the unknown girl ‘steadies’ her hand. In the first steps towards getting to know her culture, the narrator begins to see some beauty within this eastern culture. The writer effectively shows that the narrator now sees a clear link between her eastern and her western culture and realises there is beauty in both. Through the use of a metaphor, she compares the beautiful art of henna flowing elegantly on her hand to that of the traditional western art of ‘icing’ a cake. Icing a cake is naturally beautiful and artistic as well. This girl helps her to recognise that the Eastern traditional art of hennaing her hand since it is like ‘icing’ a cake is also a beautiful art-craft that obviously takes skills as the unknown girl is doing it ‘deftly’ and is, therefore, an art to be admired. Yes, she does recognise her culture and the beauty in it, but at this point she only associates it as belonging to the unknown girl only. The repetition of the third person pronoun ‘she’ and ‘her’ highlights that her culture is currently outside of her and only belongs to the girl hennaing her hand. It hasn’t yet seeped into her yet; the remains of her culture that the unknown girl has begun to give her at this point only exists on the outside- on her hand. Later on, she realises that the gift that has been given to her is priceless. ‘For a few rupees’ the unknown girl gave her something that she would value for life. It conveys that a rich gift like her culture was handed to her without any price. Through the process of hennaing her hand, the culture that was once a distant imagination has now become a reality. At this point in the poem, the writer effectively specifies colour into the poem. The mention of ‘balloons’ creates and image of bright colour in the reader’s mind. Since we are all familiar with balloons in our childhood and the carefree times associated with them at parties, the writer has also created an idea of joy and happiness one can experience through embracing their cultural identity. The colour along with the use of sustained use of traditional Indian dialect such as ‘kameez’ suggests that at this point, the narrator’s culture is becoming more of a reality; she can no longer ignore it. As the ‘unknown girl’ continues to henna, the narrator notes more beautiful aspects of her culture. As the henna is placed on her hands, she  is struck by the beauty of the ‘peacock lines’ and she reflects the beauty of the henna with the form of the poem itself. A peacock is a bird that only reveals its beauty by fanning out its colourful feathers, similar to how the radiance in her culture is gradually becoming aware to her. The colours like the ‘neon lights’ are vibrant suggesting her culture is alive and shining in the dark evening. At this point, we are made aware that the narrator’s culture is becoming more of a part of her reality as the ‘peacock spreads across [her] palm,’ suggesting that her culture will soon not be restricted to just her hand. So, while the peacock can be argued to represent the beauty that is unearthing in her birth culture, it could also be argued that since the peacock is a national bird of India, it can also represent the national pride that surrounds her eastern culture identity which foreshadows that she too will also find pride through embracing her eastern heritage. Furthermore, the fact that a peacock doesn’t reveal its beauty until it opens its feathers, suggests that one must be open and willing in order to notice the beauty in a foreign culture otherwise they might just be blinded by the negative images and blaring ‘neon’ lights. Despite recognising the beauty that surrounds her culture, the writer then shows us that the narrator is beginning to feel conflicted about her cultural identities. The dummies ‘tilt and stare’ at her as if they are judging and questioning her. The dummies are an external symbol of her internal struggle. They wear traditional clothing and yet have western perms. Through the personification of the dummies through their ’tilt[s] and stare[s]’ the writer suggests that the narrator feels as if they are mocking her, asking why she is embracing this eastern culture when the western one she comes from is far from superior. It makes her self-conscious, and yet again, she is left confused. She’s just like them; it’s like she can’t seem to decide whether to embrace the eastern or western culture. Can they both exist together? What’s more, the people in the bazaar itself only compound her conflicting feelings. It seems that people within this ‘neon bazaar’ are also being pulled into two directions as they have embraced many aspects of the western culture. The banners of â€Å"Miss India† make her wonder why she should embrace her eastern culture when people in her own culture have abandoned it. The Miss India contest is originated from the west; it requires females to be less modest than the eastern culture permits. The streets are ‘furious’ with sounds  which implies chaos and I imagine that is how she feels at the moment. Yet, it could also be argues that the banners for ‘Miss India’ also reinforce the idea that there is beauty in her culture. Probably due to her upbringing in the west, the narrator most like felt like she was different from the norm, but back in the eastern culture she sees that people that look like her are also considered beautiful. This is probably the first time that she realised that someone with dark skin, hair and eyes could be used as an icon as in the west the standard for beauty is fair skin, blonde hair and blue eyes. This knowledge that she is beautiful is comforting that she feeling knowing that there is beauty in her culture. Before, she associated culture with the unknown girl hennaing her hand, but now, she sees it as an essential part of her. She was metaphorically asleep, in a dreamlike state, in this ‘evening bazaar’. But now she is waking up. The writer at this point shows that the narrator has acknowledged that her culture is an essential part of her. Through the use of a metaphor, the writer effectively communicates that the narrator has ‘new brown veins’. These represent her eastern culture seeping into her skin and going all the way to her heart like veins do, replacing (metaphorically) her previously ‘western’ blood with ‘eastern’ blood. It is as if a new life force, flowing powerfully through her. As we know, veins travel through-out our body and provide a blood supply to vital organs indicating that her culture is now a vital part of her being. This change towards embracing her culture was only done through the sense of safety. Here the writer’s use of free verse is seen as important suggesting that one should be free to explore their feelings and culture at their own free will when you are ready as being forced to might cause someone to develop negative feelings towards those trying to force the culture on them. The free verse suits the poem as it reflects that the narrator is exploring her thoughts freely and at her own pace, as everyone comes to important understandings at their own speed and should not feel rushed or forced to confirm. Because the writer essentially allowed the narrator to freely explore her thoughts, she is able to embrace the beautiful aspects of her culture. In addition, the writer effectively shows the narrator’s desperation to ‘cling’ onto her culture. She expertly conveys this through her use of the simile ‘like people who cling to the side of a train’. Like the people ‘cling[ing]’ onto the train, the narrator feels she must ‘cling’  onto her culture, grab it and never let go, because you don’t know when another ‘train’ will come again. This could be a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, and if she doesn’t catch this ‘train’ she may never get another chance. This may well be her last chance to connect with her culture, and she must grab it, otherwise, it might fade away. This feeling of desperation to cling onto her culture matches with the fact that her cultural reawakening is very faint to begin with. Like the henna that initially is ‘soft as a snail trail’ her reconnection with her culture is fragile and weak. If she doesn’t hard like ‘scrap[ing] the henna ‘off’ she might never unearth all the beautiful aspects of her culture like the ‘amber bird beneath’. She knows that if she doesn’t put effort to fully grasp and embrace her culture, it will disappear just like the henna that will ‘fade in a week’. Her once conflicting feelings are now calm; she has fully embraced her culture. The juxtaposition of contrasting sounds of the streets, signals the end of her internal conflict. The ‘furious’ streets at first represented her confusion and how out-of-place she felt, but once she has unearthed the beauty beneath the brown lines of henna, the ‘furious’ streets are now ‘hushed’, and this contrast shows how great her feelings towards her culture have changed. To conclude, she is grateful to this unknown girl but realises that if she doesn’t work hard to reconnect with her culture after this evening bazaar that she will lose connection and her reawakening will fade just like the henna of her hand will fade in a week’s time. So a girl who once found the scene strange and foreign now reaches across the table in thanks and in desperation to get to know this unknown girl. She now has new ‘brown veins’ as if the henna has seeped inside and her culture courses through her blood. On this night, a bond has been made between the two cultures. Instead of distancing herself from her eastern heritage, the narrator will now ‘lean across’ reaching out, yearning for the ‘unknown girl’ symbolising that she will not let the bond she has developed with her birth culture die.

Free Essays on How Would You Characterize The Renaissance’s Approach To The Classical World

How would you characterize the renaissance’s approach to the classical world? The renaissance was a time of change. The future was eminent yet many found themselves looking back to a time of old; to the time of great buildings and sculptures; when art and creation were rampant. The classical world held the mind of many people of the time. The renaissance saw the classical world as an ideal to be incorporated into the works of the creative of the day. Italy had the strongest opinion of the classical world. Romans especially believed that the roman style of architecture, literature, theater, art exc. were the ideal models for their types. When Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire the scholars of the city grabbed all the archived materials and escaped back to Rome. Luckily Johannes Gutenberg just finished the printing press. Aldus Manutius got a little printing shop going just as the scripts and books were coming in. these pieces were ancient Greek and roman pieces that had never been duplicated and few had ever seen. He printed all the classical works he could get his hands on. He also was keenly interested in making smaller compact books for scholars. As the works of the past became readily available to those of the renaissance; people in Rome began to look around them and notice that they were living in a city that was the greatest in the world at one time. Works like Vitruvius’ architecture that described how to re-create a roman city, including a theater, inspired new growth. Roman theaters were built. Sculptures were being modeled after ones of old. Michelangelo recreated a sculpture so believably classic that he put it in the ground and dug it up to sell as classic! The times were a changing. This influx in change also came intensely across in the plays of the day. The new plays written in the old style created the model for neoclassicism. The ideals of neoclassicism grew and traveled to France then through Europe... Free Essays on How Would You Characterize The Renaissance’s Approach To The Classical World Free Essays on How Would You Characterize The Renaissance’s Approach To The Classical World How would you characterize the renaissance’s approach to the classical world? The renaissance was a time of change. The future was eminent yet many found themselves looking back to a time of old; to the time of great buildings and sculptures; when art and creation were rampant. The classical world held the mind of many people of the time. The renaissance saw the classical world as an ideal to be incorporated into the works of the creative of the day. Italy had the strongest opinion of the classical world. Romans especially believed that the roman style of architecture, literature, theater, art exc. were the ideal models for their types. When Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire the scholars of the city grabbed all the archived materials and escaped back to Rome. Luckily Johannes Gutenberg just finished the printing press. Aldus Manutius got a little printing shop going just as the scripts and books were coming in. these pieces were ancient Greek and roman pieces that had never been duplicated and few had ever seen. He printed all the classical works he could get his hands on. He also was keenly interested in making smaller compact books for scholars. As the works of the past became readily available to those of the renaissance; people in Rome began to look around them and notice that they were living in a city that was the greatest in the world at one time. Works like Vitruvius’ architecture that described how to re-create a roman city, including a theater, inspired new growth. Roman theaters were built. Sculptures were being modeled after ones of old. Michelangelo recreated a sculpture so believably classic that he put it in the ground and dug it up to sell as classic! The times were a changing. This influx in change also came intensely across in the plays of the day. The new plays written in the old style created the model for neoclassicism. The ideals of neoclassicism grew and traveled to France then through Europe...

Computer and Internet Terms in Spanish

Computer and Internet Terms in Spanish If you travel to a country where Spanish is spoken, chances are that sooner or later youll be using a computer, probably to use the Internet, or possibly for study or business. For English speakers, the Spanish of computers and the Internet can be surprisingly easy - in areas of technology, many English words have been adopted into Spanish, and many English words in the sciences come to us via Latin or Greek, also sources of Spanish words. Even so, Spanish vocabulary related to computers and the Internet remains in a state of flux: Some purists have objected to the direct import of English words, so while sometimes a computer mouse will be referred to simply as a mouse (pronounced as maus), sometimes the word ratà ³n is used. And some words are used in different ways by different people and publications; for example, youll see references both to la Internet (because of the word for the network, red, is feminine) and el Internet (because new words in the language typically are masculine by default). And frequently internet is left uncapitalized. These qualifications should be kept in mind if using the following list of computer and Internet terms. Although the terms given here are all used by Spanish speakers somewhere, the word choice may depend on the region and the preference of the individual speaker. In some cases, there also may be alternatives or spellings that arent listed here. In most cases, imported English words related to technology tend to keep the English pronunciation or something approximating it. Spanish Computer Terms A-L address (in email or on a website) - la direccià ³napp  -   la  app (the word is feminine), la aplicacià ³nat symbol () - la arrobabackslash (\) - la barra invertida, la barra inversa, la contrabarrabackup - la copia de seguridad (verb, hacer una copia/archivo de seguridad)bandwidth - la amplitud de bandabattery - la pilabookmark - el favorito, el marcador, el marcapginasboot (verb)  -   iniciar,  prender, encenderbrowser - el navegador (web), el browserbug - el fallo, el error, el bugbutton (as on a mouse) - el botà ³nbyte, kilobyte, megabyte - byte, kilobyte, megabytecable - el cablecache  -   el cachà ©, la memoria cachecard - la tarjetaCD-ROM - CD-ROMclick (noun) - el clicclick (verb) - hacer clic, cliquear, presionar, pulsarcomputer - la computadora (sometimes el computador), el ordenadorcookie (used in browsers)  -   la cookiecrash (verb)  -   colgarse, bloquearsecursor - el cursorcut and paste - cortar y pegardata - los datosdesk top (of a computer screen) - el escritorio, la pantalladigital - digitaldomain - el dominiodot (in Internet addresses) - el puntodownload - descargardriver - el controlador de dispositivo, el driveremail (noun)  - el correo electrà ³nico, el email (plural los emails)email (verb)  -   enviar correo electrà ³nico, enviar por correo electrà ³nico, emailearerase, delete - borrarfile - el archivofirewall  -   el contrafuegos, el firewallflash memory - la memoria flashfolder - la carpetafrequently asked questions, FAQ - las preguntas ms frecuentes, las preguntas de uso frecuente, las preguntas (ms) comunes, las FAQ, las PUFGoogle (as a verb)  -   googlearhard drive - el disco durohertz, megahertz, gigahertz - hertz, megahertz, gigahertzhigh resolution - resolucià ³n alta, definicià ³n altahome page - la pgina inicial, la pgina principal, la portadaicon - el iconoinstall - instalarInternet - la internet, el internet, la Redkey (of a keyboard) - la tec lakeyboard - el tecladokeyword - la palabra clavelaptop (computer) - el plegable, la computadora porttil, el ordenador porttilLCD - LCDlink - el enlace, la conexià ³n, el và ­nculo Spanish Computer Terms M-Z memory - la memoriamenu - el menà ºmessage - el mensajemodem - el mà ³demmouse - el ratà ³n, el mousemultitasking - la multitareanetwork - la redopen-source  -   de cà ³digo abiertooperating system - el sistema operativo, el cà ³digo operacionalpassword - la contraseà ±aprint (verb) - imprimirprinter - la impresoraprivacy; privacy policy  -   la privacidad; la polà ­tica de privacidad, la pà ³liza de privacidadprocessor - el procesadorprogram - el programa (verb, programar)RAM - la RAM, la memoria RAMsave (a file or document) - guardarscreen - la pantallascreensaver - el salvapantallassearch engine - el buscador, el servidor de bà ºsquedaserver - el servidorslash (/) - la barra, la barra oblicuasoftware - el softwaresmartphone  -   el telà ©fono inteligente, el smartphonespam - el correo basura, el spamstreaming - streamingtab (in a browser)  -   la pestaà ±aterms and conditions  -   los tà ©rminos y condicionestoolbar - la barr a de herramientasUSB, USB port - USB, puerto USBvideo - el videovirus - el virusweb page - la pgina web (plural las pginas web)website - el web (plural los webs), el sitio web (plural los sitios web)Wi-Fi  - el wifiwindow - la ventanawireless - inalmbrico

Consent of the govern Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Consent of the govern - Essay Example However, consent should be adequate in order that individuals will honor their obligations. What then is an adequate form of consent? An adequate form of consent should be one that was given voluntarily by a person. It must not be given out of coercion. It should be stated explicitly and expressly. In order for consent to be adequate, the person giving it should have complete knowledge of the consequences of his decision. The state of mind and the maturity of the person must be considered (Mclean, 112). As an example, contracts entered into under duress do not constitute an adequate form of consent simply because it was not given freely and would not have been given had there been no pressure applied on the person. In fact, the contract could be considered voidable in those cases. Further the practice of giving consent should be legitimate in itself, that is, it should be acceptable to the existing political authority (Mclean, 112). Work Cited Dunn, John. â€Å"Consent in the Politi cal Theory of John Locke†. The Historical Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, 153-182. 1967. Web. 22 March 2011.

Symbolism in Young Goodman Brown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Symbolism in Young Goodman Brown - Essay Example Young Goodman Brown is a satire on Puritanism and what Hawthorne perceives to be its hypocrisies. Hawthorne employs an abundance of symbolisms all throughout the narrative to create an atmosphere of evil deeply lurking behind the faces of the characters in the story behind their benevolent faà §ade. The story revolves around a young man named Goodman Brown and one particular night in his life which would forever change his life and his perception of the people and the world around him. That one night is the night when Goodman Brown is to finally determine whether he would finally succumb to the temptation of becoming a part of a witches’ coven in Salem. As he walks through the forest to the predetermined meeting place where he would take his official vow to the group, he sees a lot of things which makes him vacillate with his decision. He sees the people he often sees in the church, people who are known for their piety, wisdom and kindness, people who serve in the high positions of the government. He sees his old catechism teacher and spiritual counselor, the Salem’s minister, Deacon Gookin, other pious people and even his young wife, Faith in the company of the devil. This last revelation is the last straw that broke the camel’s back, so to speak. Brown de cides to embrace evil having lost the wife he wants to be good for. In the rite held at the unholy altar, as Satan is about to put the mark of baptism on his and his wife’s heads, Brown makes his last stand and cries out in protest and urges his wife to resist the devil. He suddenly finds himself alone and back in the middle of the forest. Goodman Brown lives the rest of his life a miserable man, still wondering whether what he went through was real or merely a dream. Nevertheless, he remains suspicious of all the people around him and even of his wife and lives his life in isolation from the people in his

'' cross-cultural influences the kinds of HRM strategies between china Essay

'' cross-cultural influences the kinds of HRM strategies between china and Austrelia''† - Essay Example With this, these companies adapt to the human resource protocols and labor laws where they operate while incorporating the same business ethics that they have set up in their home base (Wright, et al., n.d.). Outsourcing has been around since the late 70’s where the production of brand name companies were set up in countries where labor is cheap. One of the countries that is lucrative for these outsourcing companies is China because of its’ cheap labor costs (Wright, et al., n.d.). Even though expatriates are brought in to oversee the operations of these companies, the workplace culture of the host country is still evident in setting up their human resource policies. Policies such as reprimanding a subordinate or career growth are influenced by the culture which is prevalent in the country. One good example for this is a multinational company that will set up their operations in China. While the company will implement their company core values and business code of ethics, human resource managers still apply the strong work culture of the Chinese. Also setting up these multinational companies in a country such as China does not mean that the company will not comply with China’s labor laws (Zhao, n.d.). The same can be said when a Chinese firm sets up their operations in Australia. The Chinese owned company has to comply with the existing labor laws of Australia in order for them to operate their businesses. At the same time, they also practice the company core values which have been set up and may be formulated in Chinese workplace setting (OReilly & Chatman, 1996). This paper will discuss cross cultural differences in human resource management procedures and what problems arise from such settings. The paper will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such cross cultural settings. Another topic that will

The Disability Representation In The Media

The Disability Representation In The Media My personal reasons for choosing this dissertation topic stem from an interest in how media representations shape the attitudes of wider society. I feel it is important to note that I am writing as a non-disabled student with the view that disability studies and research should not just be the interests of disabled people. Issues of inequality and social injustice need to be considered by all members of society, while ensuring that the views, definitions and experiences of the particular group remain central to the discussion. It has been made apparent that the voices of disabled people have been absent from discussion because of the assumption that they need others to speak them and decide on their needs (Barton, 1993). Dominant views of disability dictate that it is a personal problem of the individual, based on biological impairment. However, I strongly advocate a social model of disability which emphasises that oppression and discrimination by society is the cause of experiences of disability. I plan to make this my main approach in writing my dissertation. Barton (1996, pg. 5) describes disability studies within the field of Sociology as an emancipatory project and argues that the fundamental question we must ask ourselves is whether the sociological imagination contributes to the benefit of disabled people (original emphasis) I believe that any research which aims to illuminate the prejudices implicit in cultural representations of disability, are necessary pursuits and it is vital to seriously consider the reasoning behind research projects as well as the ultimate impact they are aimed to have on particular groups. There has been many publications regarding disability and media representation in recent times which highlights that disability, impairment and disabled people are being frequently misrepresented in the mass media. Research has also suggested that such media representations have an alarming affect on the attitudes of the public. This issue can be divided into three key areas, the use of disability stereotypes, the use of specific language and images of disability and the under-representation of people with impairments working within the mass media. Pressures from disabled activists and legislation such as the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 2005 have brought this issue onto the agenda and worked to improve the rights of disabled people. An increasing awareness of the issues has resulted. However, the extent of this awareness is debatable as there is still much work to be done in tackling the negative and disempowering portrayals within the media and the current views of society. It is clear that the media has not made sufficient changes and therefore this issue remains extremely relevant. My aim is to explore the representations of disabled people to see whether any changes have been made. 1.3.3 Can Disability be represented positively? It is safe to say that the majority of media depictions of Disability and impairment are incorrect and exclude people with impairments from participation within media production. During my search for literature on the issue of disability and the media, I found that a substantial amount of studies were very critical of the media and focus only on negative stereotypical portrayals with an inclusion of recommendations for their demise. An example which I plan to use in my literature review chapter is Barnes (1992) disabling imagery and the media which ambitiously attempts to deal with all aspects of the media in misrepresenting disability. Despite such an extensive collection of studies in this area, there is very little literature which focuses on the representation of disability by disabled people themselves. It could be argued that there are not enough media sources which involve disabled people of which to analyse. However very recently I am pleasantly surprised to see that there ar e a few emerging. Notable examples include the Channel 4 mockumentary Cast Offs in which six characters with different impairments live together on an island. The show highlights many disability issues and challenges stereotypes of disability. Themes include sexuality, disabled identity and the exclusion of disabled actors and actresses from television (Wilde, 2009). Other media sources which feature disabled people include, Britains Missing Top Model and Dancing on Wheels. Although this is a step in the right direction, the inclusion of individuals with impairments on TV has been restricted mainly to reality TV which offers little insight into the lives of disabled people; instead they are centred on strength and achievement despite the individuals impairment rather than a celebration of disabled identities. The new American musical drama Glee has considered disability issues within its plot lines, this included the use of wheel chairs during a performance in order to educate the a ble-bodied performers on the importance of considering the needs of wheel chair user Artie and the difficulty in getting around the high school from his perspective because of the lack of ramps and accessible doors. Unfortunately however, the character of Artie is played by a non-wheel chair user and so any positive aspects of disability representation in the show are practically reversed by the exclusion of disabled actors and actresses from participating. 1.3.4 The Sun and Ouch! I wanted to choose two online sources for my study which were imposing in terms of disability representation and portrayal. Tabloid newspapers are notorious for depicting various groups inaccurately and producing sensationalised media in order to sell newspapers. The Sun is a daily tabloid newspaper which is among the highest in circulation in the world (The Newspaper Marketing Agency, 2010). The use of disablist language is common in tabloid newspapers and often in the broadsheets too. Reports regularly provide distorted representations of the experience of disability and focus on stereotypical assumptions (Barnes, 1991). This topic will be expanded further in chapter three. I chose The Sun because of its popularity in the UK and because tabloid news is a major source of information for the general public, I will be using articles from The Sun online website. After selecting a tabloid source for my study I began searching for an online source which involved the self-representation o f disabled people, I dismissed many websites because they were charity based, political in nature, or simply provided information and advice for disabled people without necessarily being based on the views and experiences of this group. Examples of websites I considered include Radar and Disability Now. I chose Ouch! because it is not centred on disability politics and aims to reflect the lives and experiences of disabled people (See Ouch! 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/ouch/about.shtml). The website consists of articles, blogs, podcasts as well as other features. The writers and contributors are not concerned with political correctness but seek to offer insights into the topics that are important to disabled people and those with a stakehold in disability such as family and friends. To ensure that representations and portrayals of disability are suitable, the Ouch! team are disabled themselves. My first impressions of the website and its content were that it is very humour based and do es not take itself too seriously. It is friendly, accessible and taps into the ordinary, everyday experiences of disability. This is why I decided it would be a suitable source for comparison with a more mainstream media source. 1.4 Structuring my Dissertation My dissertation will consist of six key sections. The first is my introduction which will outline the topic of study, along with my reasons for choosing it and my aims. Chapter two will historicise disability using the work of Barnes (1991, 1996, and 1997). Chapter three will discuss the existing literature which relates to my topic, this will include studies of media representation and disability, a discussion of the political models of disability and the key terms involved in the debate. In chapter four I will discuss my methods of research, including how I selected my sources and an examination of the strengths and weaknesses of my chosen method of content analysis. I will also consider any ethical implications of the study in this chapter. Chapter five will be my most important section, in this I will present and discuss my findings. The final chapter (chapter six) will be focused on my concluding the study. It will relate my findings to the objectives presented in the introducti on and the issues raised in my literature review. It will also include a reflection of my chosen methodology and a summary of the dissertation. 2.0 The History of Disability In order to understand the representations and societal perceptions of disability today, it is necessary to study a history of Disability. The attitudes and practices of the past have a vital influence on present day beliefs. Barnes (1997) argues that the lives of Disabled people in history have been overlooked in favour of an emphasis on medical perspectives and it is clear that many disabled people experience exclusion from mainstream society. This is evident in such areas as employment, in which 45% of disabled people of working age are excluded from. It has been found also that disabled people tend to have lower earnings, with disabled men earning on average  £1.50 less per hour than non-disabled men (Hyde, 2001). As a result, many disabled people live in poverty or are at risk of poverty. Discrimination can also be seen within the education system welfare, housing, leisure and environment and planning. The evidence that disabled people experience sever economic deprivation and social disadvantage is overwhelming and no longer in dispute, whether it be from the governments own commissioned research, from research institutes and academics or from disabled people themselves. (Oliver, 2003, pg. 312). Historically, people with impairments have long been oppressed and marginalised. Hostile treatment, pity and ignorance are common disabling experiences. Barnes (1997 and 1991) claims that perceptions of disability are rooted in ancient Greek and Roman history, he discusses how the cultures of the western world are based on the achievements of the ancient Greeks who built their existence on slavery. Greek society was extremely violent, male dominated and prone to war. They had a strong value for physical and mental strength and any weaknesses and flaws were not tolerated. Such a concern for perfection meant that the infanticide of sick and disabled children was very common. In Greek philosophy, the gods and goddesses were idealised representations of perfect humanity (Dutton cited in Barnes, 1997, pg 13). The only god who was physically imperfect was Hephaestus, this Greek God was rejected by his parents because of his grotesque appearance and labelled a cripple by his wife Aphrodite who committed adultery with a more aesthetically pleasing lover. This mythology is significant as it is a clear source of the links made between impairment and sexuality today as many of us assume that disabled people are unable or do not want to have a sex life. When the Romans conquered Greece and expanded their empire, the values of strength, individualism and able-bodiedness were inherited with it. The Romans also advocated the infanticide of weak children and ridiculed people who acquired impairment during their life course. Many roman games involved using individuals with impairment as comedy acts for the amusement of others. Although both the Greeks and Romans attempted to develop treatments for impairments, they were reserved mainly for those with power and wealth (Garland, 1995). Another foundation of our thoughts and beliefs of disability can be found in the western religions of Christianity and Judaism. Religion in ancient societies viewed disability as anti-religious and a reflection of sin or immoral behaviour. Barnes cites many references from religious texts which imply that impairment is a consequence of bad behaviour. For example, in Deuteronomy (27-27) it states that immorality will be punished by blindness. In contrast to Greek and roman society, the Jewish faith opposed infanticide and encouraged its members to care for the less fortunate this is also a feature of subsequent religions stemming from the Judaism, such as Islam and Christianity. People with impairments were accepted by the community, but as objects of neediness and charity. This was a key feature of Christianity. Consequently, they were viewed only in terms of their impairment and treated as incomplete human beings in need of sympathy (Barnes, 1997). During the Middle Ages disability was associated with evil and superstition and people with impairments were treated with extreme hostility. Children born with impairments were believed to of been sent by the devil as a result of parents involvement in witchcraft and other black arts. This association with evil was very strongly held in Britain during this time and was reflected in art and literature, Shakespeares Richard III is a good illustration of this, Richard is portrayed as physically and mentally deformed despite having no physical impairment. He is destined to only be successful as a villain which perpetuates the negative stereotype of impairment and evil. Just as in the ancient world, disabled people were ridiculed during the middle ages in many forms. Analyses of joke books from this time reveal that impairments such as insanity and idiocy were used as sources of humour. Many individuals with visible impairments were displayed as objects of entertainment (Barnes, 1997). The 18th and 19th century saw the transition from agricultural subsistence to factory production during the industrial revolution and urbanisation process. This brought with it a decline in religious authority and the growth of science and rationality. The development of utilitarian philosophy which emphasised the importance of pleasing the majority at the expense of minority groups created a new found value for individuality and progress. These developments provided justification for the beliefs and practices of the past and can be cited as a starting point for the disability issues which are visible today. These include the development and prioritisation of a medical model of Disability, in which the body and impairment are viewed in individualistic terms rather than social, cultural and political. The institutional prejudice and discrimination of people with impairments in everyday social life is a second issue of Disability theorists. The popularity of eugenic ideas during the mi d twentieth century and the murder of thousands of disabled people, as well as other oppressed minority groups during the second world war is another significant point in modern history and many scientists still advocate Social Darwinist ideals and view human imperfections (both physical and mental) as a societal threat, a threat that needs to be eradicated (Barnes, 1996). The rise of the disability movement in the 1960s saw the development of the Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS), the establishment of such organisations and the activism of disabled people resulted in a re-classification of disability as distinct from impairment and social in nature as opposed to medical (Barnes, 1997). Disability became defined as the disadvantages caused by social institutions and environments which effectively exclude people from participation (UPIAS, 1976). This was later adapted by other organisations such as the British Council of Disabled People (BCODP) and the Disabled Peoples International (DPI) (Barnes, 1997). Eventually, this new understanding of disability became known as the Social Model of Disability (Oliver, 1996a). Disability theory will be discussed further in my literature review (Chapter 3) with an analysis of both the medical and social models of Disability. 3.0 Literature Review 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Disability and Impairment: Key terms in the debate Disability is difficult to conceptualise because of its multi-dimensional and complex nature. The term can be used in many different contexts and from different perspectives which means there is little consensus on its definition (Altman, 2001). Classifications associated with a medical model of disability are based on a distinction between impairment disability and handicap impairment is defined as functional limitations to do with the body, disability is when an individual cannot function normally because if this impairment, and handicap refers to an inability to participate in social life (Oliver, 1990). The main problem with such classifications is that the individual impairment is considered to be the most important factor and reinforces an individual definition in which functional limitations predominate. Thus, disability is viewed in terms of an individuals personal inability to function (Barton, 1993 pg. 237). This model has had a powerful influence in shaping not just social policy, but societal attitudes and behavior. In reality, many disabled people have rejected this understanding of disability. Instead disability refers to failures in the structural environment to meet the needs of all individuals. The Disabled Peoples International (1981) put forward the following definition which better fits the views of disabled people. Impairment is the functional limitation within the individual caused by physical, mental or sensory impairment. Disability is the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the normal life of the community on an equal level with others due to physical and social barriers. In relation to my content analysis research, I will be looking to identify how disability is conceptualised and the type of language used both in The Sun and Ouch! 3.3 The Language of Disability The first and most important thing to remember about discussions of language and disability is that they arise because disabled people experience discrimination daily and are denied the same rights and opportunities as the rest of the population. Apart from the fact that words can be deeply hurtful to disabled individuals, they have power and are used extensively to justify oppression (Barnes, 1993, pg 8). The power of language is a significant topic of discussion in the area of disability studies. While we assume that the primary purpose of language is to aid communication, Oliver (1994, pg. 4) argues that it is also about politics, domination and control and I am inclined to agree. The development of language is not based on consensus of meaning but rather through the ability of some groups to force their meaning and understanding of others. This form of cultural domination is visible in many forms, the imposition of the spoken word on deaf people and sexist language directed at women are both suitable examples (Oliver, 1989, pg.1). The misconceptions that society has of disability are caused as well reinforced by the use of disablist language. Many of the abusive terms directed at disabled people are well circulated and familiar to most of the population. moron cripple spastic idiot mong dwarf midget lunatic the list is endless (Clark and Marsh, 2002). This kind of terminology has t he power to promote prejudice and discrimination against disabled people. As mentioned in the previous section (3.2) the DPI re-defined impairment and disability in line with the reality that disability is rooted in social injustice. This means that the language used by both the media and wider society ought to reflect a social model of disability in which society discriminates against those who do not conform to the ideals of an able-bodied society. Disablist language such as the disabled or people with disabilities are unacceptable yet commonly used by the press and the population generally. Individuals do not have disabilities, they have impairments. Phrases such as the disabled objectify the individual and impose a particular label on their identity which is based solely on their impairment. Disabled people as opposed to people with disabilities is more appropriate as it implies that the disability belongs to society, whereas the latter makes it the property of the person (Barne s, 1991 and 1992). Within the British press, the aforementioned terms, particularly cripple and handicap are used regularly. This is usually within a sentimental and patronising context. For example stories in which disabled individuals display bravery despite of their disability or handicap or instances where individuals have made personal scarifies to help a disabled individual or group. These generally involve the use of emotive language, such as wheelchair bound afflicted sufferer victim and so on (Barnes, 1991). To summarise, much of the language that is used in discussions of disability are based on an individualistic/medical understanding of the nature of disability. They are not developed from the experiences of disabled people, but rather from the perceptions of others. While conducting my study I will be interested to see which kinds of terminology and language are used in the newspaper articles from my sample. 3.4 Disability Theory: the Medical model and the Social model The medical model of disability has formed the basis of commonsense assumptions and beliefs about the nature of disability. This perspective focuses on the individual and his or her impairment. It imposes a presumption of biological or physiological inferiority upon disabled persons (Hahn, 1985). Medical views attribute physical and intellectual impairments as constituting disability, while denying its social and political nature. Oliver (1983 and 1996a) prefers the term individual model and argues that medicalisation is one element of this, along with psychological aspects. Medical accounts amount to a personal tragedy theory of disability (Oliver, 1990 and Finkelstein, 1980) in which disability simply happens to individuals and is personal to them, it implies that any difficulties are a direct result of impairments (Finkelstein, 1993) this forms the basis of everyday beliefs. In terms of rehabilitation, emphasis has been placed on functional limitations of an individual and attempt s to find ways of preventing, curing or (failing these) caring for disabled people (Marks cited in Williams, 2001 pg 125). As mentioned throughout this dissertation, this way of understanding disability has been heavily criticised by disabled people and disability has been re-conceptualised as a social and political problem through the work of disabled groups in the 1960s (Barnes, 1997). Disability theory has roughly been divided into American and British contributions. I will briefly outline the work of American sociologists, however I am more concerned with the work of British authors as it better relates to my dissertation and its theoretical standpoint. American writers during the 1960s challenged the idea that individual medical conditions or impairments were the cause of disability. Goffman (1963) discuses the role of stigma in spoiling (pg. 15) a persons social identity, one of the forms of stigma he identifies derives from physical abnormalities. He also identifies that disability is socially constructed and concludes that the attitudes of professional contributes to experiences of disability. St one (cited in Barnes, 1997) argues that the social construction of disability is based on the power of the sate in restricting welfare to those who require it. The importance of work and production in industrialised society has meant that those who are unable to participate are in need of assistance from the state, who along with medical professionals, are able to define disability as an individual problem and determine the level of access to welfare and other state services. Other writers, notably Albrecht (cited in Barnes, 1997) point out that disability has been controlled and transformed into commercial enterprise (pg. 6) he claims that societies produce different forms of illness, impairment and disability. The ways in which these are interpreted is dependent on economic factors he argues. American functionalist/interactionist accounts of disability are derivative of Parsonian ideas and focus on the role of being sick which is expected of disabled people and considered to be a form of deviance (Oliver, 1996b). The liberal values that exist in an industrial (and post- industrial) society place importance on personal responsibility and a strong work ethic, deviancy is created when an individual is unable to conform to these ideals. Writers have also argued that people with impairments are dependent on medical professionals who assist in the psychological accommodation of a disabled identity (pg. 21) and provide rehabilitation. The main criticisms made of the American tradition are that they over look the significance of social and economic factors central to experiences of disability. They also fail to take into account the perspectives of disabled people themselves, both these points form the main focus of British writers which I will turn to next. British theorists have been much more critical in their assessments of disability and have explicitly expressed their arguments about the oppression, prejudice and discrimination that many disabled people encounter on a routine basis. A number of writers have approached disability in society through a materialist or Marxist analysis, focusing on economic and political factors. Others have highlighted the importance of the subjective experiences of disability and the role of culture. References have been made to the importance of gender, ethnicity, class, sexuality and other social factors which shape individual understandings of disability (Barnes, 1997). Theorists who use a materialist framework claim that oppression is caused by economic structures. The lives of disabled people have little value in a capitalist society as they are deemed unable to contribute to economic and social life (Riddell, 1996). Finkelstein (1980) identifies three phases in history with regard to societal re action to impairment . In the first, pre-industrial phase people with impairments were not excluded from economic life and the notion of disability did not exist. This was because work was subsistence based and aimed at providing basic food and amenities for survival. Communities needed all the labour they could get from its members (Barnes and Mercer, 2003). The second phase was that of industrial capitalism during the 19th century, both Oliver (1990) and Finkelstein (1980) argue that during this time Disability developed along side capitalist production and free market enterprise. The rise of factory production and the intense levels of speed and control involved meant that disabled workers were not welcome in the work place. Processes of urbanisation created fragmented communities and weakened family networks. The growth of towns and cities to house the work force were geographically and structurally inadequate for disabled people and contributed to their segregation from wider s ociety and the introduction of residential institutions (Barnes and Mercer, 2003). For Finkelstein, it was at this point that people with impairments became a distinctly oppressed group, he argues that in phase the use of technology and the activism of disabled people will end oppression and disability will cease to be viewed in individualistic or medical terms (Barnes, 1997). Perhaps the growth of the internet and websites like BBC Ouch! mark the beginning of this phase. Oliver (1990) also discusses capitalism and disability, he applies Marxist ideas about the power of ideology to argue that the values which form the basis of social practice and culture conceptualised disability as a personal tragedy and aided the development of the individual model. Critics of Finkelstein and Olivers materialist analyses of disability argue that they over look the individual experiences of disability, rather than treat disabled people as a homogenous group. The social model needs to be reconceptualised with this in mind and from a postmodernist perspective which recognises diversity (Shakespeare, 1994, Morris, 1991, Crow, 1992). These writers discuss the prejudiced attitudes towards disabled people through culture, as material explanations fall short in explaining why discrimination exists and how disablist culture produces it. *incomplete* 3.5 Media representation of Disability and effects on the audience The stereotypical portrayal of disabled people within popular culture is one of the most significant factors contributing to the discrimination of disabled people. Hunt (1966) argues that disabled people represent an other in society and pose a threat to the able-bodied values entrenched in its structure. He describes this threat as being divided into five forms, as unfortunate, useless, different, oppressed and sick (pg. 146). Disabled people are considered unfortunate because of the belief that they are unable to lead a full life. They are useless because they cannot contribute economically, different because they do not conform to normal expectations of a human being and marked out as members of a minority group (pg. 150). Finally, they are oppressed and sick because they do not fit in, for the able-bodied, normal world we are representations of many of the things they most fear- tragedy, loss, dark and the unknown contact with us throws up in peoples faces the fact of sickness an d death in the world (pg. 155-156). Hunts arguments about the way disability is understood in western culture are applicable today in studying the misconceptions which are reproduced by the media. As discussed in Chapter Two, such misconceptions stem from the beliefs and practices of the past and have become firmly ingrained within society. Disablist attitudes become normalised through a process of social learning (Barnes, 1991) however, the extent and nature of this process is open to debate and many argue that there is no real way of knowing how he media influences perception. There have been many studies which have investigated the cultural portrayals of disability, some examples follow. 3.5.1 Disabling imagery and the media by Colin Barnes. The focus of this study is the portrayal of disabled people in the media and its stereotypical nature. Using secondary data from the content analysis studies of various organizations, Barnes (1992) identifies several stereotypes of disabled people produced within the media. These are: the disabled person as pitiable and pathetic as an object of violence as sinister and evil as atmosphere or curio as super cripple as an object of ridicule as their own worst enemy as a burden as sexually abnormal , as incapable of participating in community life and as normal (Barnes, 1992, pg 3). Rather than focus on particular aspects of the media, Barnes chose to study all aspects of the media, including the press, radio, television, books and so on. He argues that media depictions of disability contribute to experiences of discrimination in a significant way. He goes on to reiterate that the poverty experienced by disabled people cannot be explained by the traditional model which suggests individua l physical or intellectual limitations to be the root cause. It is caused by reactive environments and disabling barriers. Thus disability refers to a complex system of social constraints imposed on disabled people by a highly discriminatory society (Barnes, 1992, pg. 5). As mentioned in Chapter T7wo, stereotypical assumptions about disability stem from the beliefs and practices of earlier times, they are embedded in the very structure of society and are expressed in all institutions- ed