Negative effects of fast food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Negative impacts of inexpensive food - Research Paper Example Wellbeing specialists have discovered that all inexpensive food will in general have more noteworthy than 35% calories from fat, more noteworthy than10% calories from immersed fats, over 35% sugar-inferred calories and 200 calories in each serving of the bite (Ashakiran and Deepthi 7). This high-sugar, high â€fat content infers that cheap food buyers will in general have a lot of cholesterol in this way improving their probability of getting large. At the point when an individual gets stout, the high level of cholesterol in their body triggers various conditions like hypertension. This in the end makes a chain of other muddled conditions like stroke and coronary episode, which for the most part cause demise or lasting loss of motion. The extraordinary taste and enormous amounts that are served in many eateries trigger more prominent longing for these food things and urges individuals to eat more than they should. Various other long haul wellbeing illnesses have likewise been refered to as expected results of eating inexpensive food, and these incorporate malignant growth. Low quality nourishment inclines individuals to bosom and prostate disease particularly when they start eating such food at an early age. The obstructing of supply routes that emerges from the propensity additionally prompts osteoporosis, which is a state of the bones and hypertension also. It might likewise prompt the improvement of tooth rot attributable to the high grouping of sugars in a large portion of these bites and beverages. For the time being, inexpensive food causes sharp ascents and decreases in glucose consequently sustaining the vulnerability to diabetes, particularly if this runs in the family. For people without the diabetic quality, sharp increment and diminishes in sugar causes torpidity, low fixation levels at work or in school, and consequently low profitability. Currie et al (32) completed an investigation of the general impact of cheap food on general wellbeing by gathering and breaking down information from California, New Jersey and Michigan. Their intension was to

buy custom Case Law essay

purchase custom Case Law paper Case law is a piece of wellsprings of law in numerous nations, and numerous appointed authorities settle on decisions basing on the choices of past adjudicators. The instance of Lumpkin, et al. v. Smooth Mushroom, et al. includes the guardians of a perished kid and Mellow Mushroom, which deals alcohol. The case was recorded in Court of Appeals of Georgia. The issue that should have been controlled by the court was whether Mellow Mushroom was qualified for a rundown judgment, and the court concurred that Mellow Mushrooms was qualified for the outline judgment. The Court showed up at its choice in the wake of watching the realities of the case, and making a cautious thought of the laws that administered the case. The Limpkins should demonstrate that Mellow Mushrooms had an obligation to the general population, and the careless demonstrations of the litigant had prompted the passing of the youngster. Moreover, the offended parties should demonstrate that they endured some harm because of the demonstrations of the respondent. Be that as it may, the offended parties neglected to demonstrate that the demonstrations of the litigant prompted the demise of their youngster. This is on the grounds that there was contributory carelessness with respect to their child. This is on the grounds that the child acknowledged to be driven in a jeep that didn't have a travelers entryway, and he unfastened his seat strap and hanged outside as the vehicle was moving. Besides, the realities of the case demonstrated that Lumpkin and Callaway had bought different brews before the occurrence. Along these lines, it was hard to demonstrate that the lager that they drank at Mellow Mushrooms was the one that added to the mishap. Moreover, the observers of the case neglected to declare that the two were smashed when they left Mellow Mushrooms. Taking everything into account, the court offered the respondent an outline judgment, and the thinking of the court was that the litigants carelessness was not the proximate reason that prompted the demise. This is as per the arrangements of enactment, and the arrangement of precedent-based law doesn't bolster the requests of the offended parties. In this manner, the offended parties had an obligation to demonstrate that the carelessness demonstrations of Mellow Mushrooms was had a causal connection until the very end, and that the litigant had an obligation to watch. Purchase custom Case Law exposition

Effect of rice and rye straw Free Essays

string(90) milliliter of preliminary arrangements was moved into five glass development tubings ( c. Deliberation Purposes: To break down the concealment of the developing of Microcystis aeruginosa by various term implantations of rice straw ( 0.2, 10, 50 and 100 yearss ) and rye straw ( 0.2, 5, 15, 40, 50, 100 and 150 yearss ) . We will compose a custom exposition test on Impact of rice and rye straw or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Strategies and Consequences: All implantations with high focus demonstrated harsh result on the developing of M. aeruginosa, and the 0.2-day imbuement from rice straw and the 40-day implantation from rye straw showed the most adequate 1s with EC50 estimations of 28.0 milligrams C l-1 and 18.9 milligrams C l-1, severally. The concentrate centralization of rice straw had negative relationship with the maximal developing and developing rate notwithstanding rot continuation, while rye straw demonstrated the negative connection between the concentrate fixation and the solitary maximal developing of M. aeruginosa. Highlights of imbuements through fanatic violet optical thickness ought to be changed because of degradation of straws. Choices: Rice and rye straw imbuement demonstrated the likelihood to order the developing of M. aeruginosa, and by the by, may be considered as an aspect of another surprising intensity contamination. Centrality and Impact of the Survey: To put most viable operator against algal developing, extricates from since quite a while ago run corruption of straws could give greater chance and probability to happen allelochemicals. Watchwords: since quite a while ago run mixture, allelopathy, concealment, rice straw, rye straw, SUVA, Microcystis aeruginosa Presentation Terrestrial workss have been known to consolidate arranged allelochemicals with against algal belongingss ( Rice, 1984 ) . For representation, grain straw concentrated similarly more than different straws like rice and rye has been accounted for to demo a concealment result of algal developing ( Pillinger et al. , 1992 ; Newman and Barrett, 1993 ; Barrett, 1994 ; Everall and Lees, 1996 ; Barrett et al. , 1996 ; Everall and Lees, 1997 ; Cooper et al. , 1997 ) because of grouped mixes removed from grain straw under a wide range of conditions, for case, oxidized phenolic mixes from lignin beginnings ( Pillinger, 1993 ; Chesson et al. , 1982 ) , p-coumaric and ferulic from cell divider bound constituents ( Chesson et al. , 1982 ) , and tannic corrosive ( Hussein, 1982 ) . Rice straw has other than been known to relinquish allelochemicals with phenolic compound to limit the growing, developing, photosynthesis, breath and transformation of different workss ( Rice 1984 ; Inderjit et Al. 199 5 ; Chung et Al. 2001 ) . Park et Al ( 2006 ) demonstrated intelligent and severe result of arranged phenolic mixes separated from rice straw on the developing of Microcystis aeruginosa. These straw-determined mixes may abide of army complex synthetic substances with grouped highlights in a watery status. As straws would be applied into sea-going biological systems to order unfavorably algal developing, straw-inferred synthetic compounds would be discharged constantly, amassed or changed into H2O segment and highlights of synthetic substances would be changed fitting to the corruption cut which may be connected with the lability of synthetic concoctions. In any case, there was little data on this connection between allelochemical creation and degradation cut about rice and rye straws. Along these lines, our motivations were to examine whether discharged synthetic from rice and rye straws orchestrating to disintegration cut has diverse concealment outcome on the developing of cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, known as disturbance green growth around the universe, and to prognosticate the change of highlights of extricated stuffs during decay cut. Materials and strategies Assortment of works stuffs Rye straw ( Secale cereale L. ) was gathered in Keumsan, South Korea. Rice straw ( Oryza sativa L. ) which was non applied with pesticides to dissect creepy crawly pathology was gotten from Kangwon Province Agricultural Research and Extension Service, South Korea. All stuffs were in a split second moved to investigate lab, washed a few times with tap H2O, dried at 50? for 3 yearss and put away in a dull status at room temperature. Put away workss were cut, mortared, and sieved through 1-mm work before test. Planning of short or since quite a while ago run deteriorated imbuements Nine gms of every work stuff ( dry weight ) were set in a 2 L Erlenmeyer flagon, joining 1.8 L of Moss medium. The making out of Moss medium was ( in milligram ) 16.8 Ca2+ , 5.0 †10-4 Co2-, 3.0 EDTA, 2.0 †10-2 Fe3+ , 2.2 K+ , 2.4 Mg2+ , 2.0 †10-2 Mn2+ , 4.0 †10-3 Mo6+ , 13.6 Na+ , 6.4 NH4+ , 21.0 NO3-, 0.9 P5+ , 3.3 S6+ , 4.9 Si4+ , 5.0 †10-3 Zn2+ , 3.3 †10-8 Cyanocobalamin ( B12 ) , 3.3 †10-7 d-Biotin, 3.3 †10-8 Thiamin-HCl ( B1 ) in 1 L of refined H2O. To separate straws for a long clasp, an aerator gave aerophilic status into the 2 L Erlenmeyer flagon on the grounds that keeping up aerophilic status was of import for the creation of phytotoxic synthetic compounds. For representation, Welch et Al. ( 1990 ) demonstrated that microbic deterioration of grain straw was basic for the concealment of algal developing, and Newman and Barrett ( 1994 ) recommended that the main requests for straw to be dynamic are the consideration of aerophilic condit ions and a functioning and assorted microflora. Humidifier before the aerator was introduced to prevent the loss of mixtures and development medium from the vaporization by blow uping dry air. The implantations from rice straw were tested after 0.2, 10, 50 and 100 yearss from puting straws in the human progress medium and those of rye straw were gotten after 0.2, 5, 15, 40, 50, 100 and 150 yearss from introducing straws. Each subsampling, 200 milliliter of implantations were separated through a glass fiber channel paper ( Whatman, GF/F ) , thus filtrate was lyophilized and put away in a cooler until Microcystis aeruginosa developing preliminary. Culture medium including imbuements was made by blur trip 20 milligram of lyophilised stuff in 100 milliliter of disinfected Moss medium and separated through a glass fiber channel paper ( Whatman, GF/F ) . At that point, to quantitatively investigate the concealment of M. aeruginosa developing by imbuements, human progress medium incorporating implantations was weakened with cleaned Moss medium to an extent of convergence of mixtures ( test arrangement ) . Tried groupings of implantations every disintegration time of straws were i n Table 1. The centralizations of broke down natural C ( DOC ) in imbuements were resolved using the TOC analyser ( TOC-5000A, Shimadzu ) . Every 10 milliliter of human progress medium was put away at 4? to mensurate UV 260nm optical thickness. Culture status and developing finding of M. aeruginosa Every 4 milliliter of preliminary arrangements was moved into five glass human advancement tubings ( c. You read Impact of rice and rye straw in classification Exposition examplesa. 11 milliliter, USA Scientific Culture Tube ) with a top thus, autoclaved. Following 1-day cooling, each 0.3 milliliter of M. aeruginosa ( acquired from Institute of Hydrobiology, China ) was vaccinated into four tubings and refined. Stayed one development tubing was utilized to mensurate clean estimation of fluorescence or optical thickness to watch algal developing every imbuement. M. aeruginosa in exponential or fixed developing stage was vaccinated for the investigations. Culture tubings were hatched in 25â ±1? furthermore, enlightened by fluorescent noticeable radiations to give around 80? E m-2 s-1 for 24 h each twenty-four hours. Cylinders were unsettled with a spin amiable twice a twenty-four hours. The spots of trial tubings in a brooder were randomized in any event multiple times a hebdomad. In vivo fluorescence of M. aeruginosa was estimated with 1 or 2 yearss interim using a spectrofluorophotometer ( RF-1501, Shimadzu ) at 343 nanometer of an energy frequency and 680 nanometer of a transmission frequency. Absorbance ( 680 nm ) of algal cells to mensurate algal becoming was resolved with 1 or 2 yearss interim using a spectrophotometer ( 101, Hitachi ) then again of fluorescence following 50-day mixture of rice straw and 100-day imbuement of rye straw. Assurance of M. aeruginosa developing and measurements procedures To figure maximal developing ( K ) and developing rate ( u ) of M. aeruginosa, a strategic guide was utilized to show a sigmoid bend for algal developing ( SigmaPlot 9.0, Jandel Scientific ) as follows: EC50 values ( fixation, when 50 % concealment outcome happens ) were gotten from maximal developing estimations of every preliminary contrasted and control on log-probit graduated tables. A back to back line connecting the two nearest values above and beneath the line coordinating to 50 % concealment was acquired ( Yamane et al. , 1984 ) . In occurrence of 50 and 100 yearss in rice straw and 0.2 twenty-four hours in rye straw, EC50 values were determined by the extrapolation of two nearest informations of under 50 % concealment. To figure â€Å" no-restraint maximum breaking point tried fixation † , alluded as a maximal focus indicated no-hindrance out of attempted fixations, rehashed estimated examination of disparity ( ANOVA ) with station hoc of Dunnett preliminary was utilized ( p gt ; 0.05 ) to look at the conveyance of optical thickness or fluorescence for watching M. aeruginosa developing between control without mixture and preliminary arrangements. Single direction ANO VA ( station hoc Duncan preliminary ) was used ( p A ; lt ; 0.05 ) to look at standardized maximal developing or standardized developing rate among three gatherings of broke up natural fixation ( DOC ) of imbuements, and standardized maximal developing or standardized developing rate are determined by isolated maximal developing or developing rate in preliminary arrangement by in charge, severally. Proportion of UV260 and DOC in mixtures So as to predict the modification of highlights of implantations during rotting, the proportion of UV optical densit

Act I of the Crucible Essay Example for Free

Act I of the Crucible Essay In perusing the suggestion, before any exchange happens, we are given a little look into the universe of the Salemites. Mill operator talks quickly of the town and the encompassing wild. The position of Salem, encompassed by the invulnerable woodland as of now begins building pressure. The basic certainty that backwoods is available keeps escape from Salem and in this manner the occupants of Salem can't truly expel themselves from their issues and clashes inside the network. The backwoods itself is depicted as: dim and undermining, by Miller. This presents a practically immaterial risk and steady danger to the play. This by itself will cause the Salemites to feel caught; this compelled feeling being reflected all through the play. Increasingly noteworthy is the manner by which the woods is supposed to be: over their shoulders. This makes an inclination that the occupants of Salem are being eclipsed by this incredible danger. As the play is a fight among light and dim, great and malevolence, this is especially important as it shows Salem being overwhelmed by the dimness. It likewise adds to the sentiments of danger and hazard the Salemites feel since it suggests a concealed something watching them. When seen in a recorded setting the woods fills another need. At the hour of composing McCarthyism was clearing America. Albeit progressively clear equals are attracted later the play I accept the woodland speaks to the approaching danger of being charged a socialist supporter. The crowd would understand the Salemites through this common danger; this connection would have been utilized by Miller to give the whole play more effect. Another manner by which Miller makes a sentiment of pressure is through the language utilized in both stage headings and in the discourse of the characters. Mill operator utilizes power words to make an environment of strain all through the play. On the principal page with discourse, page six, words, for example, startled, inconvenience and anger. It is clear from the beginning that Salem isn't the ideal explorer town it is implied, and utilized, to be. The way that something isn't right in this town, sufficiently wrong to cause a clergyman to sob, and respond with such savagery catches the eye of the crowd in a split second. The stage headings are especially recounting the temperaments of characters. Page seventeen sees Abigail and Proctor alone just because and the strain between them is obviously noticeable. For instance Abigail has remained as if stealthily, retaining his quality, when somebody is stealthily their whole body goes tense just as foreseeing something. This might be an exceptionally strict method of giving us strain among Proctor and Abigail. Afterward, on the same wavelength, Abigail springs into his way. Again the word spring recommends she has been wound, tense, anticipating his development and it is this expectation that Miller uses to extraordinary impact when giving us science between two characters. For goodness' sake, maybe the dread of the obscure is the most powerful. Mill operator utilizes this from the beginning and fabricates strain around the way that the crowd has as meager or less data about the former occasions as the characters. As both the crowd and characters are evidently in obscurity about occasions encompassing Bettys condition there is again a connection draw up between the two, this is utilized to a similar impact as the McCarthyism interface. Discourse designs additionally show the pressure of the characters in question. For instance, most characters begin to abbreviate their words and express in an unmistakably more inflexible manner than expected when feeling undermined or furious. These monosyllabic expressions litter the play and show the crowd the rising clashes in the network. On page twenty-six this is particularly obvious. He reserved no privilege to sell it, says Putnam to Proctor. All the words in this sentence are monosyllabic, sharp and to the point. It is these progressions that show the crowd how the characters are truly feeling. Mill operator utilizes these expressions to both show pressure and to make it between characters all through the play. Redundancy has a colossal influence in The Crucible. Explicit words, for example, malicious, unnatural and most clearly Devil are rehashed to where they are showing up pretty much every page. Just Proctor and Paris appear to be set against the possibility of extraordinary altering and in any event, when the town is confronted with a mass of proof which bolsters progressively commonplace clarifications of occasions the calls of black magic are still as noisy. It shows up as though the Salemites need to trust Lucifer himself is compromising them. There is most likely a ton of truth in that announcement. The Salemites had fled England yet a couple of ages prior and had done as such to maintain a strategic distance from oppression on account of their convictions. Presently the Salemites are caught and alone. It is unexpected maybe that their trip to opportunity has actually expanded their separation. Presently they have nobody to battle either. They were genuinely alone; maybe the hyper confidence in Lucifers success of Salem was a discharge, an adversary against which they could stay the course. Without the unconverted barbarians England offered it what was left yet battling the Devil himself or seeking your neighbor for whatever could be viewed as an unholy flaw? The Salemites confidence in the Devils power in Salem may have been begun by the young ladies yet was conveyed onwards and taken higher by practically the entirety of the occupants of Salem, potentially in light of the fact that they needed to put stock in the debasement of their town. This situation, as introduced by Miller in Act I of The Crucible is at the center of all strain all through the play. Mill operator makes us perceive how unimaginably hazardous society can be when in the hold of delirium, the crowd of then would have known very well. Through employments of various gadgets Miller feeds and enlarges the fundamental pressure at key minutes until we understand that some frightful demonstration must occur before the town will acknowledges what it has done. What activity could be deciphered as the Devils work in a general public gone distraught? As we see from Goody Nurses and Proctors hanging, anything.

Balloon Angioplasty Essay

Presentation: Angioplasty is a method that expands a tight or blocked vein utilizing an inflatable catheter. It is utilized to treat atherosclerosis (vein hindrances), and normally made by an interventional cardiologist, a clinical specialist with particular preparing in the treatment of the heart, utilizing obtrusive catheter-based measures. Angioplasty is every now and again accomplished as an insignificantly intrusive procedure, where a stent is embedded into the vein to save it open. A possible substitute to heart medical procedure, it has constantly been appeared to lessening signs because of coronary supply route sickness and diminishing cardiovascular ischemia. Strategy: 1. An introducer pointer is settled in into the femoral supply route in the leg. 2. A sheath introducer is set in the opening to save the supply route uncluttered and controller discharge. 3. A controller channel is then lashed through the sheath introducer. Colorants can be vaccinated through the guide catheter into the coronary vein to pinpoint and study the contaminated supply route utilizing x-beam. 4. In the wake of exploring the x-beam picture, the cardiologist picks the sort of inflatable catheter and plastic coronary guide wire that will be utilized. 5. The versatile coronary guide rope with radiopaque plastic tip is then brought into the administrative catheter and into the coronary conduit. 6. Viewing through x-beam imaging show, the cardiologist executives the adaptable coronary guide wire through the coronary supply route to the site of the impediment. 7. At the point when the stretchy guide wire arrives at the deterrent, it is then tied over the impediment. 8. An empty t ipped inflatable catheter is then interleaved, utilizing the plastic guide wire as a channel to the site of the stalemate. Now, the inflatable is still fell. 9. After the inflatable catheter spreads and is tied inside the impediment, the inflatable is then misrepresented. Expanding the inflatable builds the territory about it and gauzes the plaque gathering (blockage). The misrepresented inflatable additionally broadens the corridor divider. 10. A stent (wire work tube) incidentally is encircled to keep the supply route divider delayed. The stent initially is embedded alongside the inflatable catheter, increments when the inflatable is amplified, and left behind in the protracted situation as the inflatable catheter is isolates. For certainâ people, coronary illness fix can be practiced without activity. Angioplasty is a non-careful procedure that can be utilized to open blocked heart corridors. Stent arrangement is another alternative that should be possible all through angioplasty. 11. The strategy is accomplished in the heart catheterization workroom by a committed cardiologist and a crew of cardiovascular medical attendants and experts. Heart catheterization is accomplished as a feature of angioplasty. Next, a sheath is embedded into a supply route †routinely in your crotch, yet sporadically in the arm. A long, slight, empty cylinder, called a catheter, is acknowledged through the spread and guided up the vein to the courses close by the heart. A minor amount of distinction material is infused through the catheter and is broken with a X-beam as it changes through the heart’s hollows, valves, and boss holders. From the cardinal motion pictures of the distinction material, the clinicians can tell whether the coronary veins are narrowing and whether the heart valves are dynamic appropriately. There are bottomless sorts of interventional methods as underneath: Balloon angioplasty: During this procedure, an uncommonly planned catheter with a little inflatable tip is coordinated to the point of constriction in the supply route. Stent:  A stent is a modest metal work tube that goes about as a platform to convey bolster special your coronary course. An inflatable catheter, situated over a guide wire, is utilized to enhance the stent into the reduced coronary conduit. Once in staying, the inflatable tip is misrepresented and the stent augments to the size of the corridor and holds it open. The inflatable is then crumpled and isolates while the stent remains in abiding enduringly. Over a multi week dated, your vein recuperates around the stent. Stents are typically put during interventional occasions, for example, angioplasty to help hold the coronary conduit uncovered. A few stents contain drug and are expected to diminish the danger of check (restenosis). Atherectomy: The catheter utilized in this method has an empty chamber on the tip with an open space on one neighboring and an inflatable on the other. At the point when the catheter is brought into the sharp corridor, the inflatable is overstated, decisive the window in logical inconsistency of the greasy material. An edge inside the chamber substitutes and shears off any fat that anticipated into the window. The shavings are trapped in an empty inside the catheter and withdrew. This system is intermittent as needed to allow for better blood stream. Cutting Balloon: The cutting inflatable catheter has a solitary inflatable tip with little sharp edges. At the point when the inflatable is expanded, the razorblades are activated. The little edges score the board, and afterward the inflatable wrappings the greasy material into the vein divider. Mechanics of Balloon Fabrication Angioplasty inflatables, for example, those portrayed above, are created by first planning a cylinder that is expelled in specific measurements. This cylinder is then solidified with the goal that solitary a little length is left indistinct, and afterward the cylinder is free-blown into an inflatable in a machine intended for that reason. In conclusion, the inflatable is heat-set. These procedures are painstakingly controlled so as to accomplish an inflatable that satisfies the important guidelines.

Apple App Store Ways to Increase Your Downloads

Apple App Store Ways to Increase Your Downloads So you have developed the app, which could very well become the next “big thing”, if only more people will take notice of it, download it, and spread the word. You were actually able to get it approved for publication in the Apple App Store. Congratulations. Is your job done?If you are satisfied with the trickling number of downloads, then yes, your job is done. But you firmly believe that your app is the greatest thing to come out in recent years, and you want the number of downloads to hit the six- or seven-digit mark. That means your work is not yet done. In fact, it is actually just beginning. © Shutterstock.com | Lukas GojdaIn this article, you will learn 1) how you get your app listed in the Apple store, 2) why to list your app in the Apple store, and 3) how to increase the downloads for your app.ENTERING THE APPLE APP STOREAt present, there are several app stores where users can readily download and purchase apps for their devices. However, there are two app stores that are considered to be the “giants”, and one of them is the Apple App Store (the other one is Google Play).The Apple App Store is where users can find iOS apps, covering pretty much everything, from games to books, news, sports, travel, photography, sports, health and fitness, food and drink, weather, and social networking, to name a few.App developers that wish to have their apps created, tested and eventually published and distributed in the Apple App Store have to follow a series of steps, outlined briefly below:Sign up for a developer account with Apple through the iOS Dev Center. Signing up is fr ee.Enroll in Apple’s iOS developer program. Enrollment entails an annual fee of US$99, and users will get to choose which developer program to enroll in, and that will largely depend on what type of app you will be developing. The options available include the iOS Developer Program, the Mac Developer Program, and the Safari Developer Program.Upon approval of your enrollment by Apple, you will be able to download Xcode, which is the main development tool for iOS.Develop your app using the various tools provided.Once the app has been developed, you are ready to deploy it to the App Store. First, you must request for certifications for development and distribution from Apple. There is also a need to register the devices that will be used to run the app that you have developed.Register a unique app ID, which will serve as the identifier for every app you develop. Provide all the necessary information to create a profile for your app.Log in to iTunes Connect using your iOS Developer cr edentials.If you are distributing your app for free, skip this step and proceed directly to step 10. If you are offering a paid app, fill out all the necessary “paperwork”. This involves the electronic signing of contracts and terms of agreement, and providing additional personal information and details, particularly on banking and financial aspects. After all, there has to be a way for the money to get to you.Prepare the following:The name of your app;A description of your app; andAn icon and at least one screenshot of your app, in accordance with the accepted size requirements set by Apple.Submit the app to Apple for approval, filling in all the information required (as prepared in Step 9).Wait for approval from Apple. If it is disapproved, Apple will provide the reasons why, and you will have to work on them before submitting again. Review for approval usually takes an average of around a week. This is actually the longest wait, since processing for the App Store and getting it ready for sale takes only minutes.WHY THE APP STORE?There are certain advantages why many app developers choose to publish their apps on the Apple App Store instead of other app stores. Here are some of them.The Apple store is known for having high-quality apps thanks, in large part, to its strict quality control. Apps have to be submitted for review and approval before it finally makes its way to the App store for distribution, so users are more assured that they are downloading something that is actually useful to some extent. Other app stores are not as stringent in their approval or screening process, so some useless apps make their way on the shelves.Users that go to the Apple store are usually willing to spend money on the apps and, more particularly, they can afford it. In short, Apple users are from the richer demographic. Let’s face it, majority of app developers are in it to make money off the apps that they create. Sure, they might start out by offering free apps but , down the line, they would want to start earning money from their apps.App developers get the lion’s share of the app sales. 30% of the sales will go to Apple, and the remaining 70% will go to the developer, so it is the latter that will earn more.Developers do not have to pay hosting fees or other related fees, since Apple will shoulder those bits already.HOW TO INCREASE DOWNLOADS OF YOUR APPBeing one of the two biggest app stores means that the Apple App Store holds millions of apps â€" free and paid â€" specially designed for iOS devices. That paints quite a picture for app developers: if they hit it big, they can expect their apps to have millions of downloads. On the other end of the spectrum, they are also facing the risk and possibility of their app being overshadowed and, worse, being buried into obscurity by the other apps.Needless to say, the App Store presents a competitive environment for app developers and their apps. It is highly possible for very good â€" outstandi ng, even â€" apps going unnoticed (and un-downloaded), while there have been many instances of lackluster â€" and downright disappointing â€" apps getting a lot of downloads.What made the difference?The marketing of the app. It is possible that the developer of the less-than-stellar app was very good in getting attention for their app, while the developer of the actually-very-good app did not know the first thing about putting the app out there for consideration by users.Do not make the mistake of the latter developer. Fortunately, there are many app marketing strategies and techniques that you can employ, and here are some tips and tricks that you can apply so you can achieve that high download count that you want for your app.Learn from feedbackBasically, you have to find out what users who visit the Apple Store are looking for â€" what they need and want â€" and give it to them.Never forget that you are catering to iOS users. They choose to go to the Apple Store to get their apps for specific reasons, and it is up to you, the developer, to make sure that they find what they are looking for once they visit the App Store. If you are targeting users that run apps on specific iOS devices such as iPhone or iPad, listen to what they have to say, particularly on what features they want the app to be able to offer when they are actually launched or being ran in those devices.Optimize your appFirst impressions last. That also applies to apps as seen on the Store. Visitors to the App Store tend to check out the apps that first appear once they log in. Your goal is to make your App appear in the first page or, better yet, in the top ten or first place rankings.App optimization involves paying attention to several factors.Choose the right app name. Much like SEO or Search Engine Optimization, you have to take note of the keywords that you use. When choosing a name for your app, consider the following:It should be simple enough to facilitate easy recall. Keep it short a nd simple. Often, long-winded names using complicated words tend to overwhelm users, and they won’t bother to remember them.This involves choosing one keyword that can sum up your app and what it offers in a single word. The keyword must be present in the app name, such that users will immediately have an idea what the app is all about just by reading the name.Choose the right keywords. The App Store will ask for a set of keywords that will apply to your app, so that when those keywords are used in searches, your app will appear. It is important to choose a set of keywords that are often used by customers.Write a good description for your app. The first rule when writing an app description is to make sure it is correct. It should correctly describe what the app can do. Some make use of narratives while others prefer to enumerate the features and characteristics. The latter is usually more appreciated by users, since it is easier to digest information when presented in bullet point s, rather than meandering and verbose sentences.Accompany your app with screenshots. Users will not download an app unless they have an idea what to expect once they installed it on their devices. Like it or not, users are still largely easily swayed by visuals, and getting a glimpse of the user interface, even if only through screenshots, is already a good start. When adding screenshots, choose those that captures the main view and the main functions of the app. Fortunately, the Apple Store allows up to 5 screenshots to be uploaded to accompany your app, so you can pick the choicest screenshots.Translate, when necessary. Take note that Apple users are not purely US-based or from English-speaking countries. Localizing the app by providing translations to various languages will be a major point in your favor. Non-English-speaking users, for instance, will be easier to convince to download an app when they see it is also available in their language. This will increase your app’s cha nces to be downloaded by users in countries across the globe.Generate buzz about your appSet up a website for your app.This is easily one of the best ways to generate buzz about your app outside of the Apple Store. Create a website that will be solely dedicated to the app you have developed. Here, visitors to the site can download the app, or be redirected to the Apple Store for download, whichever is more convenient for them. Of course, you would also have to employ a separate optimization program for your website, because the more traffic your website gets, the higher number of potential users who will download your app. This website should also serve as an avenue for users to contact the developer for any issues regarding the app.For some developers, setting up an exclusive website might be too much work. There is an easier, and often cheaper, alternative: a weblog or blog. Here, developers can also provide periodic updates regarding the app, and can also encourage interaction an d input from users.When making use of a website or a blog, it is highly advisable to make it available on mobile as well. Remember that most app users make use of mobile devices, so making the website or blog more accessible in mobile form is an advantage.Establish a social media presence.Social media and social networks have become powerful platforms when it comes to all sorts of promotion. Even businesses turn to social media to widen their reach in the market. It is no different in app marketing.Social media platform users number to the millions, and so this is a great way to increase your app’s chances of being downloaded. Some of the most popular apps today have their own accounts in social network platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and LinkedIn.Obtain the help of influencers.Influencers are individuals who can help steer attention toward your app. A good example would be bloggers and celebrities. If you will be able to impress them with your app by giving them t he app in advance to try out, they will definitely make sure to let their followers know about it.Encourage ratings and reviews.The App Store facilitates users leaving ratings and reviews to apps they have downloaded and used. This is one of the best indicators of the quality of an app. A user who is looking for a photo editing app, for example, will rely heavily on the reviews before making up their mind on whether to download an app or not, or on whether to pay for it or not.Similarly, the larger number of users that downloaded an app will mean a larger amount of ratings. The more frequently rated and highly rated apps usually appear on the first page. Thus, encouraging users to leave ratings and reviews is another good way of optimizing your app.Give your app away for freeOkay, so maybe you never really relished the idea of giving away â€" for free â€" something that you have worked long hours on. But this is a strategy that is employed by new developers, or those that have not r eleased any app before, and are looking to get exposure before actually asking for money for their apps.What many successful app developers do is to set a designated time or date where users can download their app for free. They may even name specific conditions that must be met by users before they can get the app for free. Remember, as much as Apple users are more willing and able to spend money on quality apps, they would not say no to a free one!Build a loyal fanbase (or customer base)Yes, app developers also have fans; if they are excellent at what they do, that is. If you are not comfortable with the term, you’d probably prefer the phrase “customer base”.Users tend to form a certain degree of loyalty and attachment to developers that deliver what they want. If a certain app developer heeds the concerns of users and makes significant efforts to meet their demands and expectations, they will not hesitate to try the other apps created by that developer. They will also be mo re inclined to look forward to future releases and even promote that developer’s works. Word of mouth is said to be one of the best forms of advertising and, if you have a fan base that is loyal to you, and believe in your work, they will definitely help reel in other users to download your app.Be updated with Apple’s latest productsApple is now regularly releasing new and updated mobile products and devices, and you have to keep yourself in the loop on what these releases are in order for you to be able to keep up with the app requirements and expectations. You cannot expect users to download an app that will only work for a single device, and an older version, too! Keeping yourself updated with the latest products from Apple will ensure that you can also update your app accordingly, in order to cater to more users.Hone your app development skillsYou owe it to yourself â€" and all the people who will potentially download your apps â€" to be good at what you do. As technology ev olves and advances, so, too, will the demands and expectations on apps. Continue learning and studying about app development. Participate actively in events organized purposely for app developments. One good example is Apple’s Annual Worldwide Developers Conference, where developers converge to share knowledge and acquire new ones.Of course, at the core of all these, is the app. The best way to ensure that your app has a lot of downloads is to have a very good app â€" one that actually offers something useful or valuable to users. Back up all your app marketing efforts with an app that will be worth the attention â€" and the money â€" poured into it by Apple users.

The Reasons For Choosing The Retail Industry Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

This thesis is designed to give long-term investors suggestion on which companys share Morrisons, Carrefour and Lianhua should be invested based on fundamental analysis. In this thesis, there are five parts to help long-term investors evaluate the three companies external environment, internal environment and potential development in the future. Then, give long-term investors suggestions investing which company has more benefits with few investment risks. Lianhuas largest shareholder is Shanghai Friendship Group Incorporated Company and it owns 34.03% (Annual Report of Lianhua 2011), but the government only owns 25.95% of Shanghai Friendship Group Incorporated Companys share (Annual report of Shanghai Friendship Group Incorporated Company). So Lianhua is not controlled by the government directly and its shares are freely traded (more details about trading rights on Hong Kong share market see Appendix 5). According to the accounting policies written in Morrisonss annual report  [1]  and Carrefours annual report  [2]  , both Morrisons and Carrefour prepared their financial statements based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).Also, at the beginning of 2005, companies listed on Hong Kong market should follow International Financial Reporting Standards established by The Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Lianhua (Chinese company) is listed on the stock market in Hong Kong and Lianhua follo ws International Financial Reporting Standards  [3]  . Different accounting standards may influence the result of research, but in this case that problem doesnt apply because all companies work under the same accounting standards. Situation scheme: The reasons for choosing the retail industry According to an article called Retail Industry Information (2011), it described the retail industry is an important part of economy and it includes individuals and companies that engage in selling the finished goods to end users  [4]  . The competition of the retail industry is very fierce but it is an industry worthy of being invested as this industry is little influenced by rates, inflation and the control of government (Jiang Min, 2011). Also, many European companies are influenced by the financial crisis and European Debt Crisis, but the retail industry is less influenced by these factors when compared with other industries (Johny and Claudiu, 2012). According to an article called Global Retail Industry 2012-2017: Trend, Profit, and Forecast Analysis (2012), it stated that Rising GDP growth, burgeoning population, greater disposable income, and increasing consumer spending are combining to drive the global retail industry and opportunities for retail segment players  [5]  . So the retail industry is appealing to investors because the retail industry has broad space for growth and it also makes investors have a profitable investment with lower risks. Retail Industry Information (2011) also stated that many U.S. and European retail chains are expanding globally, and opening stores in emerging markets and in countries with thriving economies, also India, China, and Dubai are fertile retail grounds that global retailers are working to cultivate in 2010  [6]  . The expansion of the U.S and European retail chains means that the retail industry has a good prospect for development and provides investment opportunities for the investors. Based on fundamental analysis, this research will help long-term investors understand which companys share has the highest value for investors to invest. The reasons for choosing these three companies Although these three companies (Carrefour, Lianhua, Morrisons) are in different sizes, their rate of growth is rapid. It means that these three companies have a lot of development in the future. Some investors will consider that they can get some long-term benefits from investing into these companies. Also these three companies follow the same accounting standards (IFRS)  [7]  . So, investors can get reliable financial information when they compare three companies financial statements. Then the investors can use the reliable financial information to judge these three companies operating performance. Description of the problem Investors can get the high benefits from long-term investment on shares, but the high interest of investment is along with the high risks. This research aims at providing recommendations to long-term investors that which companys share (Carrefour, Morrisons and Lianhua ) should be invested based on fundamental analysis, in order to help the long-term investors to reduce investment risks and make a profitable investment. Structure of main part of thesis: The main question of this thesis is Which retail companys share (Lianhua, Carrefour and Morrisons) should be invested for long-term investors after the evaluation of the companies performance by using fundamental analysis? In order to answer this question, this thesis is divided into 5 parts. Firstly, this thesis will point out the definition of fundamental analysis and the reasons, methods of using fundamental analysis. Secondly, this thesis will examine the whole economic environment and use the PESTEL theory to analyze the external environment where the three companies operate. Thirdly, this thesis uses the SWOT theory to identify the internal and external factors of the three companies. Next, it chooses the PE ratio to help evaluate the three companies shares and judge whether the three companies shares are overestimated or underestimated. Lastly, using financial ratio analysis helps to analyze the three companies operating performance and then conclude whether their perform ance is healthy or not. In the end, this thesis will give long-term investors suggestions which companys share should be invested. Methodology: Research Methodology: This project started with studying the book called Doing research: The How and Whys of Applied Research which is written by Nel Verhoeven in 2008. This book involves four steps which are design, collect, analyze and evaluate. This project is written according to these four steps. Step 1: Design Picking a topic Firstly, How to invest a companys share can gain more profits with lower investment risks? is a hot issue, so this research chooses the topic about investing a companys share. Secondly, according to request of the teacher from Saxion University of Applied Science, this research chooses three companies which are Carrefour Supermarket, Lianhua Supermarket Holdings  Co.  Ltd, Wm  Morrison  Supermarkets  plc. Also, according to 4P principles this research identified the people is the long-term investors who want to invest a company. The Problem is it is hard for the investors to decide which companys share shoul d be invested to gain more profits with lower risks. The next is Program, which is used to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention. The last one Phenomenon is to establish the existence of regularity. Demarcating the research project This research identified the central question is Which retail companys share (Lianhua, Carrefour and Morrisons) should be invested for long-term investors after the evaluation of the companies performance by using fundamental analysis? based on the choosing topic. After that, this research uses five sub questions to discuss a few specific aspects of the central question in more details. In the end, making a time schedule for each part of the project and including some contingency buffer make sure that finish the research before the deadline. Step 2: Collect This thesis used the secondary research to conduct research. A lot of data and information is analyzed by using the secondary research. It contains Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefours annual report and news report, articles about the retail industry, financial newspapers and magazines. The following search engines have been used to identify abstract summaries of relevant articles: Google scholar Scirus BASE, Vascoda Saxion University of Applied Sciences library database Article: The following journals provide some articles. Academy of Management Journal Journal of Management Studies Management Science Journal of Financial Journal of Financial Management Journal of Internet Research There are some reasons to use the secondary research. Firstly, secondary research is a time-saving and cost-saving method to acquire information. Secondly, it is accessible especially in a University Library. Thirdly, there are some resources only being found by the secondary research, for example, official statements of the three companies (Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour). There are several reasons for not choosing the primary research. Firstly, the primary research will take much money to be conducted since the data has to be collected. Secondly, conducting the primary research cost much more time than just acquiring secondary data. Thirdly, some primary researches are not feasible. So the primary research is not an efficient method to gather information as the chosen companies (Lianhua in China, Morrisions in UK and Carrefour in France) are in different countries. Step 3: Analyze This research will use PESTEL theory, SWOT theory, financial ratio theory and Relative Valuation theory to conduct fundamental analysis. PESTEL analysis is used to analyze the external macro environment where a business operates  [8]  . PESTEL stands for political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors  [9]  . This research will use the PESTEL model to analyze external macro environment of the three companies (Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour). Then long-investors will know how the external env ironment influences the three companies further performance in the retail industry and whether investing these three companies can gain more benefits with lower investment risks. SWOT analysis is a scan of the internal and external environment of a company. The internal analysis can conclude a companys strengths and weaknesses. The external analysis can conclude a companys opportunity and threat.  [10]  In this research, it will use SWOT model to analyze each companys internal environment including strengths and weaknesses and each companys external environment including opportunity and threat. So SWOT analysis makes long-term investors identify these three companies competitive advantages and disadvantages over their rivals and it also will point out these three companies external chances and external threats that affect their performance in the market. Thus, the long-term investors can know the investment risks of investing these three companies. Financial ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from the information in a companys financial statements. Financial ratio analysis groups the ratios into categories which tell us about different facts of a companys finances and operations. Leverage Ratios show the extent that debt is used in a companys capital structure. Liquidity Ratios give a picture of a companys short term financial situation or solvency. Profitability Ratios use margin analysis and show the return on sales and capital employed. Solvency Ratios give a picture of a companys ability to generate cash flow and pay it financial obligations.  [11]  The financial statements can be got from three companies annual reports (Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour). In this research, financial ratio analysis helps investors see the three companies operation and financial situation. The long-term investors will know each companys financial structure, financial risks and operating performance in the market. Then, the long-term investors can know investing which company will gain more profits with lower investment risks. Step 4: Evaluate After conducting Fundamental analysis covering SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis, financial analysis of three companies, this research draw the conclusions based on the analyzing results to answer the central question and make the recommendations. 2. Analysis of Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour 2.1 Definition of Fundamental Analysis and the reasons for using it Introduction: In this chapter, it will describe the definition of fundamental analysis and the reasons to use it. It also describes the ways to use the fundamental analysis. And all the information could help the long-term investors have a good overview about the fundamental analysis. 2.1.1 Definition of Fundamental Analysis: Fundamental analysis is used to investigate the fundamentals of the three companies (Carrefour Supermarket, Lianhua Supermarket Holdings  Co.,  Ltd, Wm  Morrison  Supermarkets  plc) to determine whether the company is worthy of being invested. The article introduction to fundamental analysis (2012) stated that there are two ways to conduct fundamental analysis, which are quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis  [12]  .The quantitative analysis is to study the three companies financial statements to evaluate the companys financial performance. When examining the companys financial performance, it can use financial ratio theory (trend analysis and vertical analysis) to compare a companys current performance with its historical performance and its competitors current performance. The qualitative analysis will give the investors a more deep insight of the three companies. Graham, B., Dodd and D.L.F (1934) also stated that the qualitative an alysis will be used to evaluate the performance of a company, the scenario of the industry and economic environment a company operates. 2.1.2 The reasons for choosing fundamental analysis: There are many reasons for choosing fundamental analysis. Firstly, fundamental analysis is very helpful for long-term investment based on long-term trend as it predicts long-term demographic, technological or consumer trends, so long-term investors can choose the right industry groups or companies. Secondly, good fundamental analysis helps investors identify companies that represent a good value and disclosure a companys valuable assets, a strong balance sheet, stable earnings, and staying power. Thirdly, the key revenue and profits drivers will be known by the investors after fundamental analysis. The fundamental analysis also makes investors understand the key value drivers and companies within an industry. A companys stock price is affected by its industry group. Lastly, fundamental analysis makes the investors have a deep understanding of a companys business and better position themselves.  [13] Also, the technique analysis focuses on analyzing the short-term trend of a co mpanys shares price. The technique analysis predicts a companys shares price whether increase or decrease in a short period. As this thesis aims at giving long-term investors suggestions, so this thesis chooses to use fundamental analysis to help long-term investors choose which companys share should be invested. 2.1.3 The ways for conducting fundamental analysis According to an article called Fundamental Analysis (2012), it described that fundamental analysis combines economic, industry, and company analysis to derive a shares current fair value and forecast future value  [14]  . At the company level, fundamental analysis will examine a companys financial data, management, business concept and competition (Fundamental Analysis, 2012). Analyzing a companys financial data mainly contains earnings, growth, and value in the market (Ken Little, 2012). Analyzing the qualitative factors of a company includes the analysis of the management team, the analysis of the business model, the analysis of the competitive edge and the analysis of corporate governance policies (Fundamental Analysis of Stocks: Qualitative Factors of the Company, 2012)  [15]  . At the industry level, fundamental analysis will examine the supply and demand of the products in the market (Fundamental Analysis, 2012)  [16]  . The factors sustainability of industr y, growth of industry, companys market share of industry, amount of competing companies and regulations surrounding the industry will be analyzed (Fundamental Analysis of Stocks: Qualitative Factors of the Industry, 2012)  [17]  . For national economy, fundamental analysis may rely on economic data to evaluate the present and future growth of the economy (Fundamental Analysis, 2012)  [18]  . 2.1.4 Conclusion: This chapter told long-term investors the definition, the reasons and methods of fundamental analysis. It shows why this thesis uses fundamental analysis to help long-term investors to analyze a companys share before their investment. This chapter helped the long-term investors know how to use the fundamental analysis to decide whether the retail industry is worthy of being invested and it also helped long-term investors know how to analyze the shares of Lianhua, Carrefour and Morrisons. The current economic factors influencing the retail industry and the PESTEL Analysis of three companies Introduction: The retail industry is an important part of economy and it includes individuals and companies that engage in selling the finished goods to end users (Retail Industry Information, 2011)  [19]  . Also, the retail industry is influenced by economic factors. Besides, the global economy is slowing down, with a likely slower growth in 2012 than that of 2011 in many global leading markets is written in an article called Global Economy Outlook (2012)  [20]  . So this chapter will analyze the economic factors that influence the retail industry in details. In this chapter, it also uses the PESTEL model to analyze external macro environment of the three companies (Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour). Then it helps long-term investors know how the external macro environment influences the three companies. 2.2.1 The economic factors influencing the retail industry: The global economic recession which begins 2008 has big influence on the profitability of the retail industry (Diana Wicks, 2012). The global economic recession also influence other factors like consumer trend and access to credit, which is essential to the growth of the retail industry (Diana Wicks, 2012). Low sales lead to low profitability and then it will slow down the growth of the retail industry (Diana Wicks, 2012). The retail industry is influenced by consumer spending greatly and retail sales have close relationship with liquidity and preservation of capital (Christina Pomoni, 2011). The recent slowdown of real estate, increase in energy prices, tight credit lines and general market uncertainty makes a general slowdown of consumer-driven economic growth (Christina Pomoni, 2011). The retail industry can find some silver linings from the cloudy environment and one positive effect of slower global growth is that it will dampen the price of commodity (Global Economic Out look, 2012). It will help the retailers make an improvement on the cost side of the ledger (Global Economic Outlook, 2012). At the same time, Global Economic Outlook (2012) said that a lot of countries including US, Japan, Several western European countries and many leading emerging markets are seeing higher retail price inflation and the stagnant input price suggests possibility of improved profit margins, even in the context of slow top line growth.  [21] After shrinking by 0.2% in the first three months of 2012, the UK economy returned to recession (UK economy in double-dip recession, 2012). There was a decrease in production industries and construction by 0.4%, 3% respectively, while the services sector including retail increased by 0.1 % (UK economy in double-dip recession, 2012). Under the frustration of European debt and weak economy of its trade partners, the growth rate of Chinese GDP will slow down, but Chinese consumption trend still maintains positive as domestic peoples income still continues increasing in china and Chinese government continue launching new policies to expand domestic demand(Rizhong Li,2012). The retail sales have fallen to the second lowest level on record in the three largest euro zone economies (German, France and Italy) and also there was a biggest drop in sales due to the presidential elections since the survey begins in 2004 in France (Eurozone retail sales fall to lowest level since 2008, 2012). 2.2.2 PESTEL model for Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour: PESTEL analysis (political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors) is used to identify and analyze the key drivers of change in the business environment (Finn Orfano, 2011). PESTEL analysis allows the companies to assess the current environment and potential changes (Finn Orfano, 2011). PESTEL analysis contains political factors, economic factors, social factors, technological factors and legal factors. Political factors can be known that how the government policy influence the company, for example, tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs and inter-country relationships, political trends, types of government, war, terrorism, treaties and currency (Renee OFarrell, 2012). Economic factors can be known the monetary impact on the company and the examples include exchange rates, interest rates, inflation, import/export levels, consumer confidence, capital markets and job growth rates (Renee OFarrell, 2012). Social factors can be known that facto rs caused by societys changing tastes, preferences and demands and the examples include disposable income, age distribution, population growth rate, education, diversity, living standards and cultural attitudes(Renee OFarrell, 2012). Technological factors are research and development, new innovations and advancements, transportation, communications and the Internet (Renee OFarrell, 2012). Environmental factors include climate change, climate and weather, as well as attitudes toward the environment (Renee OFarrell, 2012). Legal factors refers to the country in which the company does the company, include antitrust law, consumer law, employment law, health and safety law, and corporate law (Renee OFarrell, 2012). 2.2.3 PESTEL analysis for Lianhua: Political: Chinese government pays much attention to the development of the retail industry (Haiyan Lin, 2011). Since 2009, Chinese government has the policy about created funds for the development of the service industry and rural logistics (Haiyan Lin, 2011). And this will create many opportunities for the development of local companies. As a Chinese local company, Lianhua get a lot of help and support from Chinese government which provides a broad space for the development of Lianhua in the future. Economic: Although the GDP growth of China is estimated to drop from 11.9% in 2007 to 8.2%in 2012(Economist,2008), Chinese domestic demand still remains strong in the next following years as Chinese overall wage growth will lead to the increase of consumption (Aaron Back and Esther Fung, 2011). As a Chinese local company, the strong demand of Chinese domestic market provides a good opportunity to increase the profits of Lianhua in the future. Social: Consumer Confidence Index fluctuated significantly because of food safety incidents (Li Hongfei, Li Ning and Zhang Wenhuan ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2012). But Lianhua has established food safety department and food inspection center and set up long-term food safety supervision mechanism (The Standard Finance, 2011), which will make Lianhua have the competitive advantages in the retail markets. This will be a good sign for long-term investors to investing Lianhua. Technological: Lianhua Supermarket Holdings  Co.,  Ltd integrated the OMS( Operations Management System) of all supermarkets under the Lianhua and Hualian brands to ensured consistency and accuracy of data and unified flow in business, logistics, information and capital with shared information (Ma Xinsheng, 2012). The adoption of information system consolidation enhanced ability of outlet operations and information management, which provide an effective platform for Linahuas whole operation. The effective operation make Linahu a save cost which helps Lianhua gain competitive advantages over its competitors on cost-saving. Environmental: The Chinese government is promoting environmentally friendly and asking the supermarket to reduce package (Promoting Environmentally Friendly Enterprise in China, 2009). The Office for National Statistics (2010) has found that the percentage of consumers using reusable bags has risen and that those cut down the number of plastic bags from the supermarket. Lianhua follow this legislation and do not supply free plastic bags. This cut down Lianhuas overall cost and is helpful for Lianhuas image of corporate responsibility. Legal: According to the Low Pay Commission Report, there has leaded an increase in the minimum wage of 19.7% Report (Chengji Yin, 2012). The increasing wages will make an increase of operating costs of Lianhua, which will decrease the profits. 2.2.4 PESTEL analysis for Morrisons: Political: Currently, the large supermarket chains expanded their activities to supply financial services including credit cards, loans and deposits in Europe (Financial Services Authority, 2010). So the supermarkets are forced to follow the legislation and regulations enacted by the Financial Services Authority in 2010. Thus, it makes a change in Morrisonss financial services or regulation, which will affect Morrisonss profitability. Economic: UK faced economy weakness, weak consumption, rising consumption and debt crisis in Europe in 2011 (Diao Qian, 2011). It will have a big influence on Morriosonss sales as the poor economic situation make people become uncertainty about their future, so more people spend less money in the supermarket and when consumers buy the daily essentials, they prefer to buy cheap products (Edward Garner, 2011). In this situation, it frustrates Morrisonss sales and profit. Social: Edward Garner, director at Kantar Worldpanel ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢ €  2011 ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ° said that shopper trade down to cheaper products and retailers with a low-price message are the driving force in the market. The changes of peoples trend influence Morrisons market share. According to the data from BBC News, it shows that the market share of Morrisons decreased from 12.8% in 2011 to 12.3% in 2012. Technological: Morrisons applied the advanced technology on driving store productivity, tackling indirect procurement and revamping its operation system (Olivia Midgley, 2012). Morrisons adopted the advanced technology to improve its operational efficiency. In the long run, the improvement of operational efficiency will reduce Morrisonss operational cost. This will make Morrisons have the competitive advantages over its competitors. Environmental: Environmental issues become serious and urgent in recent years, each company should obligate its responsibility to protect environment (Oxford University Press, 2012). Morrisons condu cts its social responsibility of protecting environment by reducing waste throughout its direct supply chain. Morrisons will use its unique vertical integration business model to minimize waste during manufacturing, distributing and selling its products (Annual Report of Morrisons, 2011). This system will benefit Morrisonss business financially and environmentally. This system not only helps Morrisons save cost of operation, but also protects the environment, which build a good public image for Morrisons. Legal: Food Retailing Commission forced to use standard pricing in UK (R.YUVARANI, 2011). So retailers can not to change the prices without any notice and it should not demand the payment from suppliers. And Morrisions operates in a fair competition environment and Morrisons do not worry about its competitors using illegal methods to win its current customers. 2.2.5 PESTEL analysis for Carrefour: Political: The European Commission published the new Animal Health Strategy based on the principle that prevention is better than cure (European Commission, 2012). According to this policy, Carrefour should focus on precautionary measures, disease surveillance, controls and research, which will need Carrefour to increase the level of system to make sure food safety. Economic: The emerging markets provides many opportunities such as their high market size and a large number of potential consumers for Carrefour to increase its turnover as the emerging markets are growing faster and it emerges new segments and needs when the GDP per capita increases(Hellal Mariem, 2011). Although the new emergent markets are interesting, there still exist some risks for Carrefour to invest in. In these emergent markets, the emergent markets have a lower GDP per capita ($8,300 in Brazil and 6800 in China) than the developed countries ($29,600 in France or $30,100 in UK) (Hellal Mariem, 2011). Social: The price of products has big influence on the consumers decision-making process for mass commodity goods influenced by the financial crisis and European debt crisis (Josep-Francesc Valls, Marà ­a Josà © Andrade, Raquel Arribas, 2011). Consumers are sensitive to the price of products and prefer to buy products with lower price (Josep-Francesc Valls, Marà ­a Josà © Andrade, Raquel Arribas, 2011). Carrefour launched Discount range in 2009 to meet a fundamental consumer need to optimize peoples purchasing power without comprising on the brands quality (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011), which will make Carrefour attract more customers. Technological: There are a whole range of iPhone TM and Android TM apps available and designed to make shopping easier (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011). Carrefour adopted new Mes courses (My Shopping) application to allow its customers shopping whenever and wherever they want by using their iPhone TM, which makes customers easil y and quickly get access to the products they want (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011 ). There are over 700,000 downloads of the Carrefour mobile apps in France (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011), which is a good sign for Carrefour to increase sales. Environmental: Recently, the retail industry has been influenced by the growing desire to protect the environment and people are more likely to buy environmentally friendly products (Oxford University Press, 2012). So, Carrefours Quality Line specifications contains the criteria like Animal stocking density, equipment to improve comfort at all rearing stages as well as transport and slaughtering conditions (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011). The Carrefours international Central purchasing department also banned all products made with natural fur and all animal testing for its cosmetic product (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011). Legal: As Carrefour is an international supermarket and it is influenced by legal environment where it operates (Hellal Mariem, 2011). Some countries legal barriers may hinder the expansion of the retail industry (Hellal Mariem, 2011). Carrefour has met some tax disputes in Brazil, Argentina, France, Belgium and Spanish, and it has disputes with its current and former employee (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011). These disputes curb Carrefours expansion and frustrate its profits. 2.2.6 Conclusion ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ For Lianhua Lianhua will have a better development environment in the future as Chinese government has the policy for the development of the retail company in China (Haiyan Lin, 2011). But the legislation of Chinese government to increase 19.7% of minimums wages (National Minimum Wage, 2012) increase the administration cost of Lianhua. Also the Consumer Confidence Index fluctuated dramatically because of the food safety accident (Li Hongfei, Li Ning and Zhang Wenhuan ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2012), but Lianhua has established the food safety department to gain the competitive advantages in the Chinese supermarkets (The Standard Finance, 2011), which benefits for the long-term investors investment. Although Lianhua is influenced by the decrease of the GDP, the personal income growth leads to an increase of consumption (Economist, 2008), which will increase the sales of Lianhua and make long-term investors have the profitable investment. For Morrisons Financial crisis and Europe an debt crisis (Financial Services Authority, 2010) have influence on the sales and profits of Morrisons as people prefer to buy low-price product in the supermarket (Edward Garner, 2011). This situation decreased 0.5% market share of Morrisons (Edward Garner, 2011) which will decrease the benefits of long-term investors and increase long-term investors investment risks. But the advanced technology can help Morrisons gain competitive advantages over its competitors as the improvement of operational efficiency (Olivia Midgley, 2012), which is beneficial for long-term investors. Also Morrisons used unique vertical integration business model to protect environment (Annual Report of Morrisons, 2011), which not only helps Morrisons save cost and build good public image, which will decrease the long-term investors investment risks. In addition, the Food Retailing Commission provides a good competition environment for Morrisons (R.YUVARANI, 2011), which will decrease the long-term investor s investment risks. For Carrefour The expansion of Carrefour is influenced by the tax disputes in Brazil and Spanish ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Hellal Mariem, 2011 ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °. For long-term investors, legal problems are uncertainty factors for Carrefours expansion, so investing into Carrefour may be very risky. The strong demand of emerging market attracts Carrefours attention and Carrefour has successfully entered into some emerging market ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Hellal Mariem, 2011). The entry into emerging market will bring more opportunity for Carrefour the increase of sales, which will win more interests for the long-term investors in the future. But there still have some potential risks such as the lower GDP in Brazil (Hellal Mariem, 2011) which will increase the long-term investors investment risks. Also, Carrefours Quality Line Specifications ensured its product safety and protect the animals (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011), which will make a good image of Carrefo ur. Besides, Carrefour can adopt Iphone TM and Android TM technology, which can help Carrefour increase its sales as there are over 700,000 download in France (Peng Qi, 2012). This will help long-term investors gain more benefits in the future. The strengths, weaknesses and core competence of Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour Introduction ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ In this chapter, it will use SWOT analysis to help the long-term investors indentify the three companies internal strength, weakness and external opportunity, threat. A SWOT analysis is a tool used to measure a companys strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities and Threats (Liz DiPardo, 2012). Strengths are internal factors favorable for the business plan (Liz DiPardo, 2012). Weaknesses are internal factors harmful for the business plan (Liz DiPardo, 2012). Opportunities are external factors potentially help improve the business (Liz DiPardo, 2012). Threats are external factors that potentially harmful to the business plan (Liz DiPardo, 2012). SWOT analysis is used to help a company investigate new opportunities and solutions to the problems, help the company make the right decision, find new changes and revise its plans (Val Renault, 2012). The advantages of SWOT analysis contains that it just used a little time for the managers to understand how the b usiness runs and anyone with a basic understanding of business can perform this analysis (Jennifer Uhl, 2012). 2.3.1 SWOT analysis for Lianhua, Morrisons and Carrefour: 2.3.2 Lianhua: Strengths: Lianhua Supermarket Holdings  Co.,  Ltd centralized procurement for previous Lianhua and Hualian supermarkets (Aastocks Finance, 2012). Increased centralized procurement from quality suppliers will enhance barging power and gross profit margin. Thus, Linahua will gain competitive advantages over its competitors. Lianhua Supermarket Holdings  Co.,  Ltd integrated the OMS ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Operating management system ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °of all supermarkets under the Lianhua and Hualian brands to ensure consistency and accuracy of data and unified flow in business, logistics, information and capital with shared information (Aastocks Finance, 2012). All of these will enhance ability of outlet operations and information management which laying solid foundation for further business growth. Lianhua adopts management technology including purchasing technology, logistic technology and information technology, and this management technology helps Lianhua decrease its cost by 10% for its whole operation (Li Woke, 2012). The decrease of cost will help the Lianhua gain competitive advantages over its competitors as Lianhua can set lower price of products than its competitors. The profitability of Lianhua kept a stable increase from 2007 and 2011 ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  See appendix 1.1 ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °The increase tendency of the past five years shows that Lianhua have the competence to gain more profits in the competitive markets for long-term investors. Weaknesses: Lianhua had a highly leverage from 2007 to 2011, it means most of Lianhuas asset were supported by debt and Lianhua should pay a lot of interest every year (See appendix1.2). As Lianhua will pay fixed interest for its creditors annual year, the profit of Lianhua will be influenced. Then, the benefits for long-term investors will be influenced. Opportunities: Income of urban citizens grew by 14.1% from 2010, and after deducting price factors , increased by 8.4% in real terms (Report on the work of the Government, 2012). The increase of peoples income is an opportunity for Lianhua as people have more money in hand. With the development of further urbanization, higher resident income levels and improvements in the social security system in China, there will be ample room for the development of the retail industry (Report on the work of the Government, 2011). Consumer Confidence Index fluctuated significantly because of food safety incidents (Li Hongfei, Li Ning and Zhang Wenhuan ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2012). It is an opportunity for Lianhua as Lianhua has established food safety department and food inspection center and set up long-term food safety supervision mechanism (The Standard Finance, 2011) Threats: As some global retailers entered into the markets of China, the competition is very fierce (Zhang Yi, 2005). The entry of international retail companies into Chinese market may decrease the market shares of L ianhua, which may lead a decrease to Lianhuas sales and profits which may increase the long-term investors investment risks. 2.3.3 Morrisons: Strengths: Morrisons offer fresh things and has the space lab (UK Retailers, 2011). The fresh product is a competitive advantage. The fresh products not only can attract more customers but also help Morrisons create brand awareness. Morrisons has consistent financial performance, For example, its profit margin increased from 1.99% in 2007 to 3.99% in 2011(See appendix1.1 ). Morrisons builds a strong position in the market of UK. Morrions still can hold 12.8% market share in the UK after impressive sales as some consumers choose to buy discounters such as Aldi and Lidl (Ben Sillitoe, 2011). Weaknesses: Morrisons had a limited liquidity during 2007 and 2011, although its current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio was improved year to year during the five years (See appendix1.2). Opportunities: According to a market research, it stated that online sales are anticipated to increase by 67% during 2010 and 2014 (Retail Markets Today and Tomorrow, 2011). So this would be a opportunities as Morrisons plan to invest kiddicare.com for  £70m and FreshDirect for  £32m to launch the e-commerce activities in the coming two years (Annual report of Morrisons, 2011) Threats: According to news called The Economy of the UK, GB, British Isles (2012), it described that the UK faces struggles to recover from the 2008 financial crisis  [22]  . Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) made a report and ranked UK as the slowest growing economy in the G7, with the exception of Japan  [23]  . Morrisons is a local supermarket in the UK and it mainly operates in UKs market, so the slow growth of economy in UK has a big influence on its financial standings The decrease in peoples income and the increase in unemployment harm the spending power of the consumers and affect the buying behaviors of consumers, which will frustrate the sales of Morrisons, especially non-food items ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ben S.Bernanke, 2011). It may be a threat for Morrisons as people spend less money in the supermarket which will influence Morrisonss sales. 2.3.4 Carrefour: Strengths: The strategy of Carrefour aimed at achieving organic, sustained, profitable growth in excess of the broad market growth rate. The strategy has two levels which are client-oriented and culture transformation. For client-oriented, it means getting to know our customers better in order to serve them better. For culture transformation, it means increasing agility, execution quality and competitiveness. ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Anurag Bhargava, Gaurav Tripathi, Nirvan Rustagi and Yudhvir Singh, 2011) Carrefour owns a lot of supermarkets in different areas and countries like Europe, Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia and in the Dominican Republic, some shops in North Africa and other parts of Asia, which can balance its profits (Annual Report of Carrefour, 2011). It owns different formats of stores in different markets to balance its profits. It owns hyper markets, supermarkets, hard discount and convenience stores (Retail Business Review, 2012). Weaknesses: Carrefou r has a declining profit margin from 2007 to 2011. The profit margin declined from 3.16% in 2007 to 0.64% in 2011(See appendix1.1). Carrefours selling and administrative expenses increased a lot from 2007 to 2011(See appendix1.1). Carrefour did not have a good leverage from 2007 to 2011(See appendix1.2). Opportunities: Retail Industry Information (2011) also stated that many U.S. and European retail chains are expanding globally as the economy in their home country is recovering, opening stores in emerging markets and in countries with thriving economies, also India, China, and Dubai are fertile retail grounds that global retailers are working to cultivate in 2010  [24]  . Expanding in emerging market bring more opportunities for Carrefour in the global market. Carrefour is the leading retailer in terms of organic product sales in France (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011). And The organic food trend of today is growing ever-stronger, and not just for vegetables ev en though at one point organic purchases totally over 40% of all organic buys (Carl Copeland,2012). So this will benefit Carrefours sales. Threats: As the economy do not recover absolutely, customers lack confidence in shopping (Clemons, E.K., 2008). People will spend less money in the supermarket, so the sales of Carrefour will be influenced to some extent. Prices and quantities of materials are strongly influenced by global demand but also by policies in the countries and prices for many raw materials have increased significantly over the past few years (Niels Frank and Rainer Ladermann, 2011). It is a threat for Carrefour as the increasing material price has already led a decrease of Carrefours net income by 1.3% from 2010 to 2011 (Annual report of Carrefour, 2011). 2.3.5 Conclusion: Lianhua adopted modern management technologies to improve companys operational efficiency to control cost on its normal operation, which will benefit the long-term investors investment (Li Woke, 2012). In addition, long-term investors can trust Lianhuas ability of gaining more benefits for them according to Lianhuas stable increase in its profits from 2007 to 2011 ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  See appendix 1.1). But the high leverage of Lianhua (See appendix1.2) may increase the long-tern investors investment risks as Linahua has heavy burden to repay its debt. The growth of income of urban citizen and development of further urban citizen provides Lianhua a good opportunity to increase its sales and profits (Report on the work of the Government, 2012), so it makes the long-term investors have fewer investment risks. The continuous improvement of Morrisonss profit from 2007 to 2011 proves that Morrisonss ability of gaining profits (See appendix1.1), which will decrease the long-term invest ors investment risks. Besides, Morrisons has gained a competitive advantage by offering fresh products (UK Retailer, 2011), so it can benefit the long-term investors investment. And online sales are anticipated to increase by 67% in 2014 is an opportunity for Morrisons to launch the e-commerce activities, which is beneficial for the sales of company Retail Markets Today and Tomorrow, 2011). But the debt crisis in Europe (The Economy of the UK, GB, British Isles, 2012), the decrease in peoples income and the increase in unemployment in UK ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ben S.Bernanke, 2011) will have a negative effect on the development of Morrisons in the future, which will increase the long-term investors investment risks Increased selling and administration expenses of Carrefour had negative influence on Carrefour profit margin and Carrefours profits had a decrease trend from 2007 to 2011 (See appendix1.1), so it will increase the long-term investors investment risks. In addition, custome rs lack confidence in shopping as the economy do not recover in Europe (Clemons, E.K., 2008), which will have negative influence on Carrefours sales in the future and increase the investors investment risks. Although the entry into emerging markets exist a lot of uncertainty factors, the expanding in emerging market will bring more market shares for Carrefour in the global market (Retail Industry Information, 2011),which will benefit the long-term investors. To conclude, although Carrefour has different formats of stores in different supermarkets to balance its profits and opening stores in emerging market provide the opportunity for the global development, the threat of Financial Crisis and Europe Debt Crisis have influence on the Carrefours sales. Also the decreasing profit and increasing administration cost from 2007 to 2011 is not beneficial for the long-term investors and the highly leverage and limited liquidity will increase the long-term investors investment risks. Howeve r, both Lianhua and Morrisons performed better on their solvency than Carrefour and they kept their profit on increasing trend during 2007 and 2011. And the higher income of Chinese citizens and further urban development provides Lianhua more opportunities to develop in the future which is beneficial for long-term investors. And the expected increase of online shopping provides Morrisons an opportunity to increase sales. But the decreased peoples income and increased unemployment in UK will increase the long-term investors investment risks. So investing Lianhua will help long-term investors make a profitable investment with lower investment risks according to SWOT analysis.